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NGOs: The Bad News World Trade Centers, NYC

NGOs: The Bad News World Trade Centers, NYC. Pentagon. Anthrax Cases Fall 2001. Aum Shinrikyo Chemical Weapon Attack March 20, 1995. Asahara Shoko. Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995. A New World?. Globalization Ease of travel Ease of global finance

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NGOs: The Bad News World Trade Centers, NYC

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  1. NGOs: The Bad News World Trade Centers, NYC

  2. Pentagon

  3. Anthrax Cases Fall 2001

  4. AumShinrikyo Chemical Weapon Attack March 20, 1995 Asahara Shoko

  5. Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995

  6. A New World? Globalization • Ease of travel • Ease of global finance • Communications revolution States • Ability to communicate lose globally monopoly • Information revolution on • Ability to share large influence amounts of information with and anyone, anywhere, anytime violence • Global spread of technology

  7. Defining Terrorism • Political Agenda • Cause pain and fear: violence to further political agenda • Targeting civilians • Publicity • Non-state actors*

  8. The Terrorist “Logic” Causes pain and fear in targeted audience Public demands action that will end terrorist attacks Terrorist Violence Change in gov’t policy Publicizes a political agenda and terrorist’s demands

  9. The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004 • Spain supports US in Iraq • People’s Party in favor of Spanish intervention • Socialist Worker’s Party wants to withdraw; • AQ warns Spain to leave or face reprisal; • Parliamentary elections on 3/14; • PP favored

  10. Madrid Bombing, March 11, 2004

  11. The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004 Voters fear more reprisals March 11 attack on train station; 200 killed; 1400 wounded New gov’t led by Worker’s Party Changes policy Electoral Surprise; PP loses; Worker’s Party wins Debate on Spanish Iraq policy takes center stage

  12. Terrorism is not Foreign

  13. Terrorism is Not New: King David Hotel 1946

  14. 1996 fatwa 1998 fatwa Al-Qaeda Training Manual (from Dept. of Justice) Bin-Laden videos Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery Article on Mustafa Setmariam Nasar (Abu Musab al-Suri) Militant Ideology Atlas (Combating Terrorism Center) Osama bin-Laden Al-Qaeda as an NGO

  15. AQAM Ideology • Salafists (pure Islam) • Anti-American • Anti-western • Anti-colonial (resistance or defense) • End separation of Church and state • No pluralism in Islam • Anti-nation-state • Rebuild the Caliphate • Anti-Democracy

  16. Iranian Revolution (1978-1979) provides inspiration foreign fighters formation go home, of Afghan mujahadin form new groups or join existing Pakistan militarygroups, create a allies with radicalglobal terror Islamic groups (1977-79) network provides sanctuary Ideological legacyUSSR invades US, China, Pakistan Soviets of radical Islamic Afghanistan Egypt, Saudi Arabia, withdraw thought 1979 and others funding, 1989 provides ideology supplying, and training and inspiration mujahadin and jihadis OBL and others recruit Saudi funded religious schools volunteers al-Qaeda (global) (madrassas) in Middle East from madrassas Abu Sayyaf (Phil.) and Asia (1970s-1980s) in M. E. and Asia GIA (Algeria) provides recruits with ideology (foreign fighters HAMAS or jihadis) Islamic Jihad IMU Jemaah Islamiah PIJ Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir… Time Origins of AQ

  17. Politics, not Religion • Important: • This does not represent the average Muslim • Timothy McVeigh was not the average Christian • AQ is a far greater threat to Muslims than to Americans • This is a political movement that uses a twisted version of Islam

  18. Non-Middle eastern states Indonesia 225 m Pakistan 170 m Bangladesh 150 m India 140 m Turkey 76 m Nigeria 75 m (of 150 m) Afghanistan 31 m Sudan 28 (of 41 m) Middle Eastern states Egypt 70 m Iran 65 m Algeria 32 m Morocco 32 m Iraq 25 m Saudi Arabia 22 m Syria 16.2 m Jordan 4.6 Geography of Islam

  19. Explaining the Growth of Extremist Ideas Political Factors *Technological factors Authoritarian government advances in communication Corrupt government computers for info storage Lack of civil rights; no democracy internet and e-mail Lack of human rights; no individual freedoms ease of travel Liberal and moderate ideas crushed ease of global financial transactions Radical ideas crushed (Egypt) advantages of networks Radical ideas encouraged (Saudi Arabia) globalization Prison torture SOP Controlled press spreads ruling ideology Anti-West and anti-US Social Factors Colonialism in past *Rapid economic change Strong religious traditions *Population growth Pan-Islamic ideas Lack of social and economic mobility Pan-Arab ideas *More university education; lack of jobs *Failures of secular nationalism (Syria, Iraq) *Generation with a lack of identity No outlet for moderate dissent or debate *Expectations of success; lack of success Israeli-Palestinian conflict *Expectations of change; lack of change Economic Factors Poverty Small wealthy elite *Geopolitical Factors *Expectations of wealth through oil Rapid wealth creation in Middle East *Rising population Iranian revolution *Massive underemployment Globalization Socialist economies Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Closed economies Collapse of Cold War *Knowledge of wealth in other societies Instability of shift to post-cold war world *Temporal Factors: These variables explain why events happened when they did. Many people ask why radical Islam developed, but we need to ask why it developed and why it developed when it developed. Growth of extremist ideas

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