Population

1. Population Powerpoint produced by Rachel Farrell (PDST) & AoifeHealion (SHS, Tullamore) Sources of information: SEC Marking Schemes, newspaper articles & documentaries

2. Syllabus Economics of Population • Global and national population, size, composition and trends. • Over, under and optimum population. • The labour force and employment. • The importance of population, and its influence on economic development and growth.

3. Short 2009 Q 2 2006 Q 2 Long 2013 Q 7 2012 Q 5 2011 Q 8 (a) & (b) 2010 Q 7 (a) 2009 Q 6 2008 Q 3 (c) 2007 Q 6 2005 Q 6 (a) & (c) 2003 Q 7 2002 Q 7 (c) 2001 Q 7 (c) Exam Questions OL

4. Short 2010 Q 9 2006 Q 1 2001 Q 9 Long 2011 Q 8 (a) (b) (c) 2010 Q 8 (b) (c) 2008 Q 7 (c) 2005 Q 8 (a) 2003 Q 7 (c) Exam Questions HL

5. Under Population • Occurs when output and income per head increases as the population rises. • As the population increases most people become better off. • Eg. Australia, Newzeland & Canada, & Japan

6. Complete “skimming an article exercise” on pdst website

7. Problems of underpopulation • Increases the dependency ratio • Smaller domestic market • Labour shortages • Less people to pay back the national debt. Students: Write a brief explanation of each of these headings.

8. Overpopulation • Occurs in a country when output and income per head fall as the population rises. • The economic resources are unable to support the increase in population without causing a decline in the SOL. • Eg. India, China & Ethiopia.

9. Problems of overpopulation • Unemployment • Low SOL • Pressure on resources, health, ed… • Scarcity of food • Land prices may increase • Harm to the environment Students: Write a brief explanation of each of these headings.

10. Optimum population • Occurs when the level of population is such that the economic resources of the country are providing the maximum output per head.

11. Factors that influence the size of population • Birth Rate • Is the number of live births for every 1,000 members of the population. 2. Death Rate • Is the number of deaths per 1,000 of the population. • For population replacement the birth rate must be higher than the death rate

12. 3. Infant Mortality Rate • Is the average number of deaths per year per 1,000 live births. 4. Net Rate of Emigration/Immigration • Is the total number of people who enter minus the total number who leave the country on a yearly basis.

13. Emigration • Is the number of people who leave the country permanently.

14. Push forces • Factors that compel people to leave their own country. • Eg. Unemployment, low wages…

15. Pull forces • Factors that attract people to another country. • Eg. Climate, higher wages & job opp

16. Advantages of emigration 1. Reduction in unemployment • Eases the pressure on gov to provide s/w & jobs. 2. Reduces social costs of unemployment • Less vandalism & crime • Emigrants return with skills & money.

17. Disadvantages of emigration 1. Smaller domestic market • Less sales may lead to more unemployment. 2. Brain drain • Benefits of money spent on education goes to other countries

18. 3. Increase in the dependency ratio • Mostly 18 to 35 year olds leave. • Less revenue from tax. • More young & old in the country. • Greater burden on the government finances to provide services.

19. Immigration • Is when people from other countries come to live in Ireland permanently.

20. Net migration • Means that there are more people entering the country than leaving it. • Ie. immigration is larger than emigration.

21. Advantages of Immigrationplacemat exercise

22. Disadvantages of Immigrationplacemat exercise

23. 2011 HL Q 8 (b) • Discuss the reasons why Ireland is now experiencing a high level of net outward migration.

24. 2011 HL Q 8 (b) • Foreign nationals returning home • Economic recession in Ireland • Falling wage rates in Ireland • Rising level of tax in Ireland • Job opportunities abroad Students: Write a brief explanation of each point.

25. Sources of population information 1. Census of population • Carried out every 5 years. • It is a head count of all the residence in Ireland. • First one in Ireland in 1841 • Most recent one in 2006

26. 2. Registration of births & deaths. • By hospitals, doctors and relatives.

27. 3. Central Statistics Office (CSO) • Quarterly National House Survey. • Data compiled at air and sea ports. • The Register of Electors. • The Child Benefit Scheme. • The no. of visas, work-permits & asylum applications.

28. Why is the census of population important? 2011 Q 8 (b) For the Government • Infrastructural requirements • Provision of essential services • Pension planning • Qualifications of workforce Students: write a sentence for each.

29. Why is the census of population important? 2011 Q 8 (b) For business • Predict future level of demand • Population data • Labour market Students: write a sentence for each.

30. The 2011 census of Ireland highlighted that Complete “scanning exercise” on pdst website

31. Complete “scanning exercise” on pdst website

33. Sample Word Wall

34. Demography • Is the statistical study of human population. • It involves the study of the total size of the population and its composition. • Eg. No of males, females, age profiles etc.

35. Population Pyramid

36. Population Pyramid • Is a diagram that shows the distribution by age of the population of a country. • In Ireland in 2006 the median age is approx 35 years. • Irelands population is becoming older. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid

37. Outline the economic implications of the changing structure and size of the Irish population.2010 & 2005 Use placemat to discuss Look up SEC marking schemes

38. Effects of an aging population • Pressure on provision of state pensions • Possible increased tax burden • Increased government expenditure • Changing pattern of demand Students discuss & write an explanation for each heading

40. Robert MalthusTheory of Population • Nationality: English • Time: 1766-1834 • Essay: Principle of Population & as it affects the Future Improvements of Society.

41. Population closely connected to food supply & production. • Food has arithmetic growth (1,2,3,4) • Population has geometric growth (2,4,8) • Population would double every 25 years if left unchecked.

42. Famine disease and disasters would result. • This would keep population within limits of food supply.

43. Forecast severe decline in the SOL in GB by the end of the 19th century. • This did not happen. • However the population explosion of the 21st century may prove him right.

44. Thomas Robert Malthus Classical Economist English (1776-1834) “The Principles of Population” • Applied the Law of Diminishing Returns to Land • Best land taken up first, then next best, then inferior…. • At each stage the amount of food is less than before. • Theory of • Population & Food • Population grows geometrically (2,4,8,16,32). • Food grows arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5,6). • If population not kept in check famine & disease would result. • SOL did not fall in 19th C but his ideas were more relevant in the population explosion of the 20th C Iron Law of Wages An increase in wage above subsistence level = increase in population = increase in supply of labour =decrease in wage

46. World population 7,000,000,000 7 billion

48. World Population • 1950 2.5 billion • 1988 5 billion • 2004 6.4 billion • 2011 • 2050 9 billion is estimate • Africa set to record highest levels of growth 64% – 158%

49. YouTube clips • http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/7-billion (7billion video) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B2xOvKFFz4 (most typical person) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSpUWt_dpAo (why they are doing a series on population)

50. Causes of world population explosion 1. Change in death rate • People are now living longer. 2. Reduced infant mortality • Less babies dying due to advances in medicine. 3. Fertility span lengthened Advances in treatments, women having babies in 40’s. 4. High birth rate • In underdeveloped countries.