Chapter 4 The Civil War 1861 – 1865

Chapter 4 The Civil War 1861 – 1865

Chapter 4.1Resources, Strategies and Early Battles Objectives: • Interpret a graph representing a real-world situation. • Utilize timelines to identify sequences of historical data. • Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past. Essential Question: How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the early battles of the war?

Union Advantages • The north’s population was near 22 million, about 9.5 million white and 3.5 million slaves • Availability of raw materials: coal, iron, gold, silver other resources • Industrialized northern cities suited for manufacturing of ammunition, arms, uniforms, medical supplies and railroad cars • Larger railroad network • Small, but well organized navy • Experienced government and leaders

Confederate Advantages • Psychological advantages – South was willing to fight to the death, northerners were not so committed • Union forces were about 16,000 when the war started – most recruits signed up for only 3 months • Excellent military leader in Robert E. Lee – turned down command of Union forces offered by Lincoln • Northern military commanders were not as competent • Confederates fought defensive war, north fought an offensive war

Confederate Strategy • Militarily: • Keep the armies small • Inflict damages that break the Union spirit • Politically: • Earn formal recognition from England and France • Europe has become dependent on Confederate cotton

Union Strategies • Winfield Scott selected as commander of Union forces • Anaconda Plan: • Union navy will blockade all southern ports, starve south of income and resources • Drive south along the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy in two • Many Congressmen favored a more aggressive plan to free the slaves across the south • Lincoln was hoping for a quick victory in Virginia to force the Confederacy into negotiations

Border States • Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware and Maryland are slave states who remain loyal to the Union • Union is concerned about how to keep these states from seceding to the Confederacy • Lincoln’s inaugural address: I believe I have no lawful right to free the slaves and I have inclination to do so.” • These states remained loyal to the Union

Break Time! • 5th Florida Volunteer Regiment Battle Flag

Bull Run • July 1861: Irvin McDowell leads 30,000 Union troops to battle with Confederates outside Washington DC • Forces met at Bull Run a creek near Manassas, VA • Union forces took control early, but Confederate forces fought back • Confederate commander Thomas Jackson refused to yield and forced Union forces to retreat back to Washington DC • Jackson earned the nickname Stonewall Jackson • Lincoln replaces Win. Scott with George McClellen as commander of Army of the Potomac

Grant in Tennessee • Ulysses S. Grant leads Union forces in the Mississippi Valley wing of the Anaconda Plan • February 1862: Grant’s troops capture two Confederate forts – Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson • Grant drive Confederate forces from Western Kentucky and most of Tennessee • April 1862: Grant’s forces fight near Shiloh, TN – nearly 25,000 troops combined were killed or wounded • Citizens of both north and south are horrified by the carnage

New Orleans • The Union navy captures the port city of New Orleans and head north to Vicksburg, MS. • Grants forces work southward to meet up with Union navy commander, David Farragut, at Vicksburg • The Union navy is forced to retreat about 50 miles south of Vicksburg • Union forces cannot take control of the Mississippi at this time David Farragut

The Southwest • Early 1862: Confederate troops follow the Rio Grande from Texas into New Mexico • Confederates are defeated at Glorieta Pass due to lack of supplies – Union forces disrupt the Confederate supply train • Confederates retreat back to Texas – never attack in southwest again • North and South try to sway native Americans and Hispanic residents of the Southwest to gain loyalty

Ironclads • North and south develop naval warships with ironclad sides • Union ship: Monitor • Confederate ship: Virginia • March 9, 1862: The Monitor and the Virginia meet in battle – neither emerge as a clear winner • These ironclad ships mark the end of an era of both sides using wooden battle ships

Meet the Leaders George B. McClellen Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson

George B. McClellen • Plans an attack on Confederate capital, Richmond, VA • Skilled leader, but overly cautious • Lincoln becomes frustrated with McClellen’s lack of action • Lincoln demands McClellen attack Richmond • June 26 – July 2: McClellen attacks Richmond, but R.E. Lee’s forces engage McClellen’s troops at battle known as Seven Days • Lee’s troops are outnumbered, but earn victory due to McClellen’s cautious tactics

George B. McClellen • Lincoln replaces McClellen with John Pope as commander of Army of the Potomac • August 1862: Second Bull Run (Second Battle of Manassas) – Lee’s Confederate forces crush the much larger Union forces led by Pope • Stonewall Jackson’s troops are able to out maneuver Union forces and inflict heavy casualties as they try to retreat • Lincoln returns McClellen to commander of Army of the Potomac

4.1 Rewind! Essential Question: How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the early battles of the war? The Confederacy held a psychological advantage of being willing to fight for survival, strong military leadership and homeland advantage lead to early victories. The Union had significant amounts of resources, a well organized battle plan (Anaconda Plan), but was unable to achieve military success early in the war.

Chapter 4.2African Americans and the War Objectives: • Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and events • Interpret a graph representing a real world situation • Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War Essential Question: • How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts of African-American soldiers affect the course of the war?

Lincoln • Lincoln is under immense pressure from the northern public to end slavery • Lincoln realizes he has to set a goal to end slavery • Lincoln has a plan, but needs to wait for the right time to announce his plan • Slavery is unpopular in Europe, which prevents England from supporting the Confederacy during the war

On the Battlefields • Union officers are unsure what to do with freed slaves who come under their charge • Union officers did not return the slaves to their owners and were often put to work in Union camps performing manual labor duties and jobs • Some slaves were considered to be contraband, or “captured war supplies” • Lincoln works on a plan to emancipate • Lincoln waits for a major military victory to announce his plan

Antietam • September 1862: R.E. Lee leads his army into Maryland • Lee wants a victory on Union soil to incite a pro-Confederate uprising and urge England to reconsider its opinion of the Confederacy • McClellen learns of Lee’s battle plan and prepares for the two armies to meet at Sharpsburg, MD near Antietam Creek • September 17: Union troops attack Lee’s army • 23,000 killed or wounded marks the single bloodiest day of the war, Lee retreats back to Virginia

Emancipation! • Lincoln has the victory he wanted to make his announcement of emancipation • Emancipation Proclamationis announced on Sept. 22, 1862 will take affect Jan. 1. 1863 • Emancipation Proclamation: • Frees all enslaved people in states still in rebellion • Does not apply to slaves in border states loyal to the Union or under military control • Lincoln hopes to convince southern states to surrender before Jan. 1 to retain the right to keep slavery

Emancipation! • Many northerners respond with strong support • Some northerners still want total abolition of slavery • Many northerners question Lincoln’s decision to only free slaves in the southern states, but not the border states • The Emancipation Proclamation never actually frees a single slave, but it does turn the focus of war to slavery • Southerners now feel they will have to fight to the end

Emancipation Proclamation Click on the poster to watch the video

African Americans Fight! • African Americans of the north were inspired to join the Union army and the fight against slavery • Congress passes the Militia Act which states black soldiers are to be allowed to enlist in the army • 54th Massachusetts Regiment is an all black regiment • About 18,000 northern blacks enlist in the army • Many white soldiers are reluctant to serve with blacks • Blacks earn the respect of white soldiers with their bravery and skills on the battlefields • About 70,000 blacks lose their lives in the war

4.2 Rewind! Essential Question: • How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts of African-American soldiers affect the course of the war? The Emancipation Proclamation redefined the Union cause for the war, making it about slavery. After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union started to recruit African Americans troops, many of whom fought bravely and helped the Union’s war effort.

Chapter 4.3Life During the War Objectives: • Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and events • Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past • Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War Essential Question: How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting changes to American society?

Homefront in the North • An income tax was imposed on income over $800to raise funds to support the war • Bonds were sold to raise money to support the war • The Legal Tender Act of 1862 allowed the treasury department to issue a single common paper money called Greenbacks due to the green color

Homefront in the North • The Homestead Act allowed settlers claim western lands if they would farm (develop) the land • Conscription, or the draft, was instituted to gain fresh men (ages 20-45) for the army in the north • Wealthy people could pay $300 to hire draft replacements • Draft Riot of 1863: people rioted in NYC to protest the draft. Factories and businesses were destroyed • Copperheads: Northern citizens who opposed the war

Homefront in the South • Great economic demands on the south and they are unable to meet the financial demands • Northern blockades of southern ports are effective • People had to exist on subsistence farming • Difficult to get food products to market or troops due to blockades on rivers and railways

Homefront in the South • Southern economy invested in cotton, tobacco and sugar • Difficult for Davis to convert goods to cash • CSA soldiers often scrounged food, clothing and weapons from dead Union soldiers after battles • CSA issued paper money backed by government’s promise to pay

Homefront in the South • Public had little faith in CSA paper currency which lead to rampant inflation, riots and food shortages • CSA government enacted conscription laws, seizes private property and suspends Habeas Corpus which leads southerners to call for Davis’ impeachment

A Soldier’s Life • First time many ever traveled away from home • Often homesick or bored • Pass the time playing games, writing letters or participating in religious services • Families in border states were often divided, and many families divided to fight on both sides • Battle injuries often led to amputations • Poor sanitation in camps led to infections • Every one war death was met with two camp deaths due to disease

A Soldier’s Life • Andersonville (GA) was the largest CSA POW camp with 33,000 Union POWs • Union troops often starved to death due to lack of food • In operation for 15 months with more than 12,000 deaths due to malnutrition and disease • African-American Union POWs were killed outright

Women in the War • Many women took over family businesses or farms while husbands and sons were away at war • A few women dressed as men and fought in battle others would often joined their husbands in camp • Some African-American women in the south acted as spies • 1861: Clara Barton began a humanitarian campaign to act as a nurse for injured soldiers for both sides • Barton’s efforts eventually lead to the establishment of the International Red Cross

4.3 Rewind! Essential Question: How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting changes to American society? Temporary Changes: Reduced the male population in the north and the south Lasting Changes: Strengthened the northern industry, the south’s destroyed agricultural base, women’s roles into male dominated professions, the nursing profession, the federal government’s role in public health

Songs of the War! • Solders on both sides would often entertain fellow troops with songs as they sat around campfires • The Battle Hymn of the Republic • Dixie Click on the song titles to listen

Chapter 4.4 Turning Points of the War Objectives: • Use primary and secondary sources to understand a historical period • Use a timeline to identify sequence of historical data • Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past • Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War Essential Question: How did the battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburg changes the course of the Civil War?

Union Victory at Vicksburg Click on the map to watch the video

Union Victory at Vicksburg • Thee CSA fort at Vicksburg (MS) is virtually impenetrable and surrounded by river and swamps • May 22, 1863: Grant places Vicksburg under siege where the Union army surrounds, bombards and cuts off all supplies going into the fort • The Union army bombards the fort constantly • July 4, 1863: Confederate forces surrender to Grant • The Union gain control of the MS river and splits the Confederacy in two

Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville • Lincoln replaces McClellen with Ambrose Burnside because McClellen didn’t chase the retreating CSA at Antietam • Burnside’s forces face Lee’s at Fredericksburg (VA). The Union is soundly defeated • Lincoln replaces Burnside with Joseph Hooker • Hooker’s forces face Lee’s at Chancellorsville. The Union is soundly defeated • CSA General Stonewall Jackson is accidentally killed by his own men at Chancellorsville

Gettysburg • After the Union defeat at Chancellorsville, Lincoln replaces Hooker with George Meade • Lee’s army invades the north at Gettysburg, PA and on July 1 is confronted by Union general John Buford • Both armies send reinforcements to the city • Stronger CSA forces push Union forces back onto higher grounds. This, and Union reinforcements, strengthen the Union’s position • Fighting continued until July 3.

Gettysburg • Lee’s forces suffer a crushing defeat • CSA General George Pickett’s entire division is lost • Over 50,000 soldiers killed or wounded • Lee retreats back to Virginia and never invades the north again • Lincoln honors the dead with his Gettysburg Address in November 1863 as a National Cemetery is dedicated to the fallen soldiers of this battle

Ulysses S. Grant • Lincoln places Grant in charge of Union army in early 1864 • Grant implements a strategy of Total War in the south • Inflict more casualties than the south can replace • Grant’s forces attacked soldiers, civilians, burned buildings and crops, killed livestock. Grant wanted to break the spirit and the will of the people of the south • Willian Tecumseh Sherman’s forces marched from TN to Savannah, GA inflicting Grant’s Total War tactics wherever his forces marched. Atlanta, GA was burned to the ground

Sherman’s March Click on the map to watch the video

Election of ‘64 • Lincoln loses support from some Republicans • Grasping too much authority • Not fully committed to ending slavery • Democrats nominate former Union General George McClellen • McClellen wins 45% of the popular vote • Lincoln wins 212 of 233 electoral votes • Lincoln is elected to his second term as president

Chapter 4.4 Rewind! Essential Question: How did the battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburg changes the course of the Civil War? • The siege at Vicksburg allowed the Union to divide the Confederacy in two as designed by the Anaconda Plan. The battle at Gettysburg dealt a crushing loss to the Confederacy from which they do not fully recover

Chapter 4.5The War’s End and Impact Objectives: • Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and events • Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War • Distinguish freedoms guaranteed in the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments Essential Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War?

The Final Days • Grant continues to lead forces toward Richmond • March 1865: CSA makes a last desperate stand at Petersburg (VA) • Grants forces lay siege on Petersburg • More than 65,000 casualties result • Grant suffers a greater loss, but Lee has no replacement troops • Lee’s forces cannot break the siege, he orders a retreat on April 2

13th Amendment • Lincoln begins planning of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to abolish slavery in the United States • The 13th Amendment is ratified in December 1865 Click on the image to watch the video

Chapter 4 The Civil War 1861 – 1865