Identifying Similarities and Differences

1. Instructional Strategy #1 Identifying Similarities and Differences Classroom Instruction That Works by Robert J. Marzano, Debra J. Pickering and Jane E. Pollock Vicky Diaz Carolina Jakobsen EDU 608 Instructional Design and Assessment

2. Average effect size 1.61 • Percentile gain: 45 This means it is an instructional strategy that has high probability of enhancing student achievement for all students in all subject areas at all grade levels. Identifying Similarities and Differences

3. Researchers have found these mental operations to be basic to human thought. They might be considered the “core” of all learning. Identifying Similarities and Differences

4. Four generalizations drawn from the research and theory in this area: • Presenting students with explicit guidance in identifying similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge.(teacher-directed tasks) • Asking students to independently identify similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. (student-directed tasks) • Representing similarities and differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. • Identification of similarities and differences can be accomplished in a variety of ways. The identification of similarities and differences is a highly robust activity. Identifying Similarities and Differences

5. Different “forms” of identifying similarities and differences proven by research: • Comparing • Classifying • Creating metaphors • Creating analogies Identifying Similarities and Differences

6. Comparing is the process of identifying similarities and differences between or among things or ideas. FOOD PIONEER DAYS -Mainly had to raise, -Could grow, or hunt raise, grow, -No good way to store hunt -Limited variety -All food groups TODAY -Most people buy at store; can raise, grow, or hunt -Storage is good: refrigerator/freezer -Large variety Identifying Similarities and Differences Kevin Henkes Venn Diagram http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfIkLq3WMuQ

7. Classifying is the process of grouping things that are alike into categories on the basis of their characteristics. BLUE RED GREEN YELLOW PURPLE sky water ocean apples strawberries cherries grass lemons pineapples pencils bananas grapes Identifying Similarities and Differences Gummy Bear Sorting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoIdVi1zbms

8. Creating metaphors is the process of identifying a general or basic pattern in a specific topic and then finding another topic that appears to be quite different but that has the same general pattern. “Making a paragraph is like making a sandwich” Identifying Similarities and Differences Teaching Metaphor 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPy8d-TWVbo

9. Creating analogies is the process of identifying relationships between pairs of concepts-in other words, identifying relationships between relationships. thermometer:temperature::odometer:distance Identifying Similarities and Differences How to Build Analogies with ThinkBlocks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwCvJ88d02g&feature=PlayList&p=92B907DE7766375B&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=12

10. Examples of Graphic Organizers: http://www.eduplace.com/graphicorganizer/ • Marzano, Pickering, Pollock, “Classroom Instruction That Works” • YouTube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a5Z_-Mscrg References

11. Identifying similarities and differences • Summarizing and note taking • Reinforcing effort and providing recognition • Homework and practice • Nonlinguistic representations • Cooperative learning • Setting objectives and providing feedback • Generating and testing hypotheses • Questions, cues, and advance organizers Instructional Strategies