Socio-Cultural Issues Affecting Performance

1. Socio-Cultural Issues Affecting Performance Sport in Society Global Sporting Events

2. Learning Objectives Learning Objective: Understand the effects of global sporting events on the host country (sporting, social, economic and political) Learning Outcomes: All: Describe the major events affecting the Modern Olympic Games Most: Explain how hosting global sporting events affects the host country in regards to sports, social , economic and political factors Some:Evaluate the impact of hosting a global sporting event on a host country

3. Key Terms • Modern Olympic Games • Sports • Social factors • Economic factors • Political factors • Berlin ‘36 – Third Reich Ideology • Mexico City ’68 – ‘Black Power’demonstration • Munich ‘72 – Palestinian terrorism • Moscow ‘80 – Boycott • Los Angeles ‘84 – ‘Hamburger Games’

4. Modern Olympic Games • "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well."

5. Modern Olympic Games • The Olympic flag has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red. This design is symbolic; it represents the five continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time. • — Pierre de Coubertin (1931)

6. Aims of the Olympic Games • To promote the development of those physical and moral qualities are the basis of sport. • To spread the Olympic principles throughout the World, thereby creating international goodwill. • To bring together athletes of the world in the great four-yearly sports festival • To educate young people through sport in a spirit of better understanding between each other, and of friendship, thereby helping to build a better and more peaceful world.

7. Olympic Values • Encourage effort – striving for excellence • ‘Citius, Altius, Fortius’ • Preserve human dignity – demonstrating respect • Every individual must have the possibility of practising sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit friendship, solidarity and fair play. • Develop harmony – celebrating friendship • Sport has a role in the development of human harmony

8. Olympic Values Perseverance to succeed despite obstacles or barriers. Role models to inspire the next generation to participate in sport. All Nations have equal opportunities to enter competitors in a spirit of inclusivity. Making personal sacrifice to achieve sporting goals. E.g. pushing to finish a long-distance event even though you are well out of medal contention. Putting your own needs aside to help others. Knowing when to give up. For all countries, cultures, individuals, competitors. Achieve to the best of your ability to realise your potential and strive towards excellence Bringing the nations of the World together through sport and creating team spirit.

9. Berlin 1936 – Third Reich Ideology • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNKlxcqLKcM • Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KVFJoMSsnM • Used by Hitler as a stage for political propaganda for the Third Reich – an ideology that viewed Germany as a superior empire. • Hitler wanted to show that the German Olympic team would win medals across the board to show the supremacy of his ‘master race’ • German team trained full-time – stretching the ideals of Olympics being an amateur competition • Jesse Owens – African American beat Ayrian Lutz Lang in long jump, broke 11 Olympic records and won 4 Golds in 100m, 200m, long jump and 4x100m relay. • Hitler refused to place medal around Owens’ neck • ‘The Americans should be ashamed of themselves, letting Negroes win their medals for them. I shall not shake hands with this Negro…. Do you really think that I will allow myself to be photographed shaking hands with a Negro?’

10. Mexico City 1968 – ‘Black Power’ demonstration • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qck5arjMGBg - story behind the black power demonstration • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4LvwXYmt3Q – Australian 3rd man • South Africa’s invitation to the Games was withdrawn because of other countries threatening to boycott the Games because of South Africa’s apartheid regime. • African-Americans protested to the World when two black athletes used a medal ceremony for the 200m to protest about the lack of civil rights in the USA as they lacked equality, were segregated and many lived in extreme poverty. They wore a black glove on one hand they held up in the air and black socks with no shoes. A gesture called the ‘black power salute’ • Both athletes were told to leave the games as they had brought politics into the Olympics which were supposed to be devoid of politics.

11. Munich 1972 - Palestinian terrorism • https://www.channel4.com/news/olympic-archive-tragedy-in-munich-1972 • http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3341784/New-horrifying-details-emerge-1972-Munich-Olympic-massacre-including-one-athlete-castrated-hostages-watched.html • A day before the Games began, 8 Palestinian terrorists (known as the Black September group) entered the Olympic village and seized 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team. • The terrorists made a political request to release 234 Palestinians that were being imprisoned in Israel. • German authorities attempted to rescue the hostages but this failed and all hostages and 5 of the terrorists were killed.

12. Moscow 1980 – boycott led by the USA • https://www.nbcnews.com/video/what-caused-the-1980-moscow-olympics-boycott-111002691753 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU_iLLUCwIk • In December 1979 Soviet Union (Russia) forces invaded Afghanistan, which created a conflict that would last 10 years and extended the cold war. • Britain’s prime minister Margaret Thatcher stated ‘One way to bring home to the Russian people the enormity of what has happened… is to boycott the Olympic Games’. • US president Jimmy Carter stated that the United States would boycott the Moscow summer Olympic Games if Soviet troops did not withdraw within one month. • This sparked debates about the relationship between sport and politics. • Some thought politics has nothing to do with sport • Some thought sport could help build bridges between nations • Some viewed sport as inextricably linked to politics and that sports participants had a duty to stand up for freedom and fairness and therefore should boycott events with countries that did not share the same values. • Some British teams chose to attend, the British hockey, fencing and equestrian team boycotted. • Only 6,000 athletes competed in the games compared to the 10,000 expected

13. Los Angeles 1984 – boycott by the Soviet Union • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omdOcNFGiSY • After the terrorist attack in 1972 and financial disaster of 1976 in Montreal, only Los Angeles in the USA bid for the right to host the 1984 Olympic Games • 12 weeks before the opening ceremony the Soviet Union announced they would be boycotting the Games along with East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Cuba, with 14 Nations refusing to take part. • The Soviet Union blamed commercialisation of the Games (known as the Hamburger Games), a lack of security measures and accused the US of using the Games for political purposes. • Most people saw it as a ‘tit for tat’ response to the USA boycotting the Moscow Olympics.

14. Hosting Global Sporting Events • Sporting Impacts

15. Hosting Global Sporting Events • Sporting Impacts

16. Hosting Global Sporting Events • Social Impacts

17. Hosting Global Sporting Events • Social Impacts

18. Hosting Global Sporting Events • Economic Impacts

19. Hosting Global Sporting Events • Economic Impacts

20. Hosting Global Sporting Events • Political Impacts

21. Hosting Global Sporting Events • Political Impacts