Nursing Research and Evidence Based Practice

1. Nursing Research and Evidence Based Practice Nur 420 Lecture 3

2. Introduction • development and utilization of nursing knowledge is essential for continued improvement in patient care. Conducting researches in nursing, as all other sciences, is important to establish a knowledge-base for practice, improvement, and development.

3. Nursing Research Definitions • “A systematic study of problems in patient care.” • “A systematic detailed attempt to discover or confirm facts that relate to a specific problem to improve the practice and profession of nursing.” • A study of the problems in practice relating to the effects of nursing.” • A systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance to nursing.”

4. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH • Identification • Description • Exploration • Explanation • Prediction and Control

5. Characteristics of a scientific research: • 1. Should include a problem that need a solution or a question that need an answer. • 2. Should achieve a general objective rather than a personal objective. • 3. It should follow the scientific approach that characterized by order and control. • 4. It should add new information through: • a. New facts that was not known before. • b. Validates results of previous research. • c. Tests theories. • d. Explains findings of a previous research. • e. Find out new relationships among present phenomena.

6. The Quantitative Research Process

7. CONCEPTUAL PHASE • FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE PROBLEM • Topic • Research Problem • Problem statement – articulates the problem to be addressed and indicates the need for a study • Research Questions – are the specific queries researchers want to answer in addressing the research problem • Research Hypothesis – predictions that are tested empirically

9. CONCEPTUAL PHASE • FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE PROBLEM • Evaluating research problems • Significance of the problem – research problem should have the potential of contributing meaningfully to the nursing knowledge • Researchability of the Problem • Time and timing • Availability of study participants • Facilities and equipment’s • Money • Experience and interest of the researcher

10. CONCEPTUAL PHASE 2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE • Done to familiarize researchers with the knowledge base • PURPOSES: • Orient of what is known and not known regarding the topic • Replication of study • Identifications of relevant theoretical and conceptual framework • Assistance in interpreting study findings and developing implications and recommendations

11. SOURCES OF LITERATURE • PRIMARY SOURCES • Research reports/studies • SECONDARY SOURCES • Books • Literature review summaries

12. THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE • Selecting a research design • Identifying the population to be studied • Sampling plan • Methods to measure research variables • Finalizing the research study

13. RESEARCH DESIGN Based on: • Time Frame • Control over independent variable • Measurement of independent and dependent variables

14. TIME FRAME

15. TIME FRAME

16. CONTROL OVER INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

17. Is there an intervention? No Yes NONEXPERIMENTAL Is there randomization? No Yes QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL

18. MEASUREMENT OF INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

19. IDENTIFYING THE POPULATION TO BE STUDIED • POPULATION – aggregate or totality of those conforming to a set of specifications. • Nurses • Students • Children • Etc.

20. DESIGNING THE SAMPLING PLAN • SAMPLE – subset of a population • Sampling techniques: • Probability sampling • Systematic sampling • Fish bowl method • Nonprobability sampling • Purposive/Judgmental sampling • Snow ball technique • Convenience/accidental sampling

21. METHODS TO MEASURE RESEARCH VARIABLES • Different methods of data collection • Biophysiologic measurements • Self-reports • Observation • Use of a research instrument • Questionnaires • Survey forms

22. FINALIZING THE RESEARCH PLAN • Pretesting of questionnaires • Conducting a Pilot study

23. DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE 6. Selecting a Research Design 7. Specifying the Population 8. Operationalizing the Variables 9. Conducting the Pilot Study/Making Revisions

24. EMPIRICAL PHASE 10. Selecting the Sample 11. Collecting the Data 12. Organizing Data for Analysis (DATA ENCODING)

25. THE ANALYTIC PHASE • DATA ANALYSIS • Statistical analysis • DATA INTERPRETATION – is the process of making sense of the results and examining their implications • CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

26. DISSEMINATION PHASE • RESEARCH REPORT • Research Abstract • Research published in journals • Term papers, theses, dissertations • UTILIZATION OF FINDINGS • Application to nursing practice and nursing education

27. REFERENCES All of the literature used in writing the research article. Should contain mostly recent and primary sources.

28. What is Evidence-Based Practice?

29. Definitions “Process by which nurses make clinical decisions using best available evidence, clinical expertise, & patient preferences in the context of available resources” “’Evidence-based practice (EBP) – utilizes the best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions typically from research. EBP translates knowledge into practice’’

30. Why Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing • Potential to narrow the ‘research-practice gap’: adoption of research findings into practice • Provides a means to answer problematic clinical practice issues • Potential to improve individual bedside practice; • Supports/improves clinical decision-making skills

31. Evidence Based Practice Process • Identify a practice issue • Formulate an answerable question • Search for best evidence • Critically evaluate the evidence and clinical relevance • Make recommendations • Apply to clinical practice • Evaluate impact/effectiveness/ outcomes

32. BARRIERS TO EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE Overwhelming patient workloads Misperceptions about EBP and research Lack of time and resources to search for and appraise evidence Organizational constraints – lack of support Peer pressure to continue with practices that are steeped in tradition – “we’ve always done it this way and we are not changing now”