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Cellular Biology and Animal Taxonomy

Cellular Biology and Animal Taxonomy. Cells – Small But Mighty. Objectives. Draw and label the cellular structures Describe the functions of cellular structures Differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis Discuss the relationship of tissues, organs, and systems

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Cellular Biology and Animal Taxonomy

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  1. Cellular Biology and Animal Taxonomy Cells – Small But Mighty

  2. Objectives • Draw and label the cellular structures • Describe the functions of cellular structures • Differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis • Discuss the relationship of tissues, organs, and systems • Explain how taxonomy is used to classify living organisms • Use binomial nomenclature to write scientific names of common livestock • Trace the domestication of farm animals

  3. What is the smallest biological unit?

  4. Small, but Mighty • Take in nutrients • Excrete waste products • Secrete proteins • Perform cellular work • Respond to their environment • Reproduce themselves

  5. Organisms vary….. • Single-celled bacteria • Multicellular whole animals • Swine • Sheep • Cattle • Horses

  6. Cell theory • Basic unit of life = Cell • A cell only originates from other cells. • All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

  7. Functions of all cells are similar in the following ways • They must take up nutrients from their external environment. • They must excrete waste products into their external environment. • They must do some kind of work (See next slide for complete list) • They must reproduce themselves

  8. What kind of work???? • Synthesize proteins. Example… liver cells • Store energy. Example… fat cells • Carry oxygen. Example… red blood cells • Transport electrical impulses. Example… nerve cells • Store minerals. Example… bone cells • Move. Example… muscle cells

  9. Cells • Little factories with different departments responsible for varying duties

  10. Outside wall of the factory • The cell membrane is made of a thin layer of lipid (fat-like film). Separates cell contents from the external environment.

  11. Cell Membrane • Imbedded in this lipid layer are specialized protein “doors” allowing large molecules which are raw materials such as proteins and carbohydrates to pass into the cell. • Newly made proteins (finished products) and cellular waste products pass out of the cell through the same protein “doors”.

  12. Cell Layout • Individual organelles, or compartments, within the cell are also separated by lipid layers. • Similar to walls separating rooms in a manufactoring plant.

  13. Other factory analogies • Inside the cell factory is the “office” • Known as the nucleus • The nucleus controls all cell activity.

  14. Other factory analogies • Chromosomes are small strands of genetic material residing in the nucleus. • Chromosomes are made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).

  15. Other factory analogies • DNA is a genetic compound that controls inheritance/heredity. • Chromosomes contain many small, coded pieces of DNA called genes

  16. “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree!!!!” • Chromosomal genes contain the blueprint for the work the cell has to do. • It also has the instructions for the cell to replicate itself. • Genes control specific economically important traits as well as physical characteristics.

  17. Explain how only a few cells can be cloned to create a whole new organism. • Bring your findings to class tomorrow written out • legible handwriting or typed • ½ to full page

  18. Explain how only a few cells can be cloned to create a whole new organism. • Every cell contains all the genes necessary for the entire organism. • Only those needed to do a certain type of work are active. • Example: a liver cell has the genes to become a heart, but only the genes needed to perform liver functions are active in a liver cell.

  19. Gels, Jellies, and Goops • The jellylike substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the cytoplasm.

  20. More factory analogies • Endoplasmic reticulum • Ribosomes • Mitochondria • Lysosomes • Golgi bodies

  21. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Network of membranes from the cell membrane to the nucleus. • The “corridors” within the factory • Transports all incoming raw materials and outgoing cellular products

  22. Ribosomes • Where new proteins are manufactured • Most are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum • The actual “workers” of the factory

  23. Mitochondria • Small egg-shaped organelles • Manufacture adenosine triphosphate • ATP used as an energy source for the cell • The “cooks” of the factory

  24. Lysosomes • Round organelles • Function to digest and recycle molecules which are no longer useful. • The “green team” of composters for the fatory.

  25. Golgi Bodies • Flat, membrane encased • Final assembly and packaging process of cellular products • The shipping and handling department of the factory.

  26. Cellular Reproduction • Cells go through a life cycle of growth and reproduction called the Cell Cycle • The entire Cell Cycle has to phases • Interphase • Period between cell divisions • Cell Division • Most of a cells life is spent in interphase

  27. Interphase • Divided into three periods • G1, S, and G2

  28. G1 = First Period • G1 – first period • Cell grows in size by increasing the number of organelles

  29. S = Second Period • S – second period • Genetic material replicates or copies itself so there are two identical sets of chromosomes. • Identical sets of chromosomes are called sister chromatids. • Chromatids are still attached to each other at a central point called the centromere

  30. G2 = Third Period • G2 – Third Period • Cell manufactures organelles and prepares for cell division a.k.a. mitosis

  31. Cell “Self-management” • At several points during the cell cycle the cell inspects the cell replication process • Determines if genetic material has been properly copied • If an error occurred in the copying process it destroys itself • Process known as apoptosis (programmed cell death)

  32. Apoptosis • Failure of a cell to identify improperly copied genetic material is the first step in the development and growth of cancerous tumors.

  33. Mitosis • Actual division of non-sex cells • Divided into four periods • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  34. Prophase • Chromosomes thicken and become visible (like mitosis) • Chromosomes are present in homologous pairs • Total of four sister chromatids

  35. Metaphase • Homologous pairs line up on the axis of of the dividing cell opposite from each other

  36. Anaphase • The homologous pairs of chromosomes leave each other and are pulled toward the opposite poles • Pulled by spindle fibers

  37. Telophase • The cells physically divide • Each daughter cell now contains one chromosome from each pair

  38. Meiosis I • Known as reduction division • Chromosome reduced from diploid to haploid • During Mitosis daughter cells are still diploid

  39. Meiosis II • Each daughter cell divides again • At the end of Meiosis two haploid cells from each of the daughter cells exiting from Meiosis I • Four final haploid cells • Each of the four final haploid cells (gametes) contains one strand from the original homologous pairs of chromosomes

  40. Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems • In multi-cellular animals, individual cells are specialized to perform a specific task. • Muscle cells = support & locomotion • Bone cells = structural support • Red blood cells = carry oxygen • Fat cells = store energy

  41. Cells to Tissues • Specialized cells combine to make up tissues. • Example: Cartilage

  42. Tissues to Organs • Cells and tissues work together to form organs • Example: Liver

  43. Organs to Systems • Tissues and organs combine to form systems. • Example: Skeletal, Muscular, Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive, Nervous, Endocrine, and Reproductive Systems

  44. Skeletal System • Bone and cartilage • Support structure for the body

  45. Muscular System • Muscle tissue • Attached to skeletal system by tendons • Allows for movement

  46. Respiratory & Circulatory • Combine to ensure the internal organs receive oxygen • Lungs, heart, and miles of blood vessels

  47. Digestive system • Stomach, intestines, liver • Combine to break food into particles small enough to be carried by the bloodstream and utilized

  48. Nervous System • Brain, Spinal Cord, and Specialized Nerve cells. • Carry electrical impulses to the brain for processing

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