Principles of Kinesiology

1. Principles of Kinesiology Rehab Careers- 1A

2. Standard 10 • Investigate the basic principles of kinesiology and relate in an informational paper, brochure, or presentation the connection to disease/disorder prevention. Address at minimum: movements of joints and bones, planes, directional terms, body motions, motions between joint articular surfaces, mechanisms of joints and biomechanical levers.

3. Structural Kinesiology • Study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement • Anatomical Position- • Standing upright • Facing straight ahead • Feet parallel and close • Palms facing forward • Fundamental Position- • Same as anatomical EXCEPT the arms are at the sides and the palms are facing the body

4. Directional Terminology • Anterior- in front • Anteroinferior- In front and below • Anterolateral- In front and to the side • Anteromedial- In front and toward the midline • Anteroposterior- Relating to both front and rear • Anterosuperior- In front and above • Bilateral- Relating to both right and left sides • Contralateral- Relating to the opposite side • Deep- below the surface • Distal- Away from the midline or point of origin

5. Directional Terminology Cont… • Inferior- below in relation to another structure • Inferolateral- below and to the outside • Inferomedial- below and to the midline • Ipsilateral- on the same side • Lateral- on or to the side/outside • Medial- relating to the midline or center • Palmar- relating to the palm of the hand • Plantar- relating to the bottom of the foot • Posterior- behind • Posteroinferior- behind and below

6. Directional Terminology Cont… • Posterolateral- behind and to one side • Posteromedial- behind and to the inside • Posterosuperior- behind and at the upper part • Prone- face down (lying on your stomach) • Proximal- nearest the midline or point of origin • Superficial- near the surface • Superior- above • Superolateral- above and to the outside • Superomedial- above and toward the midline • Supine- face up (lying on your back) • Volar- relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot

7. Body Parts & Regions- Axial

8. Body Parts & Regions- Appendicular

9. Planes of Motion • Cardinal Planes • Sagittal (Anteroposterior or AP plane)- divide into left and right • Frontal (Lateral or coronal plane)- divide into front and back • Transverse (Horizontal plane)- divide into top and bottom • Other Planes • Midsagittal - involve the spine- in the middle of the sagittal plane • Parasagittal - parallel to the midsagittal plane • Diagonal (Oblique)- combination of more than one plane

10. Axes of Rotation • Frontal (Lateral or Coronal) Axis- • Same directional orientation as frontal plane of motion • Axis runs from side to side • Sagittal (Anteroposterior) Axis- • Same directional orientation as the sagittal plane of motion • Axis runs from front to back at a right angle • Vertical (Longitudinal) Axis- • Runs straight down through the top of the head • At a right angle to the transverse plane of motion • Diagonal (Oblique) Axis- • Runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane

11. General Movement Terminology • Abduction- lateral movement AWAY from the midline • Adduction- movement TOWARD the midline • Flexion- Decreases the angle of a joint; bending • Extension- Increases the angle of a joint; straightening • Circumduction- Circular movement of a limb • Diagonal Abduction- Abduction through the diagonal plane • Diagonal Adduction- Adduction through the diagonal plane • External Rotation- Rotational movement away from the midline • Internal Rotation- Rotational movement toward the midline

12. Ankle/Foot Movement Terminology • Eversion- turning the sole of the foot outward or laterally • Inversion- turning the sole of the foot inward or medially • Dorsiflexion- Toes move upward toward the body • Plantar Flexion- Toes move away from the body • Pronation- walking on the inside of the foot, toes point outward • Supination- walking on the outside of the foot, toes point inward • Lateral Flexion- side bending; abduction of spine • Reduction- return to anatomical position; adduction of spine

13. Upper Body Movement Terminology • RADIOULNAR JOINT- • Pronation- internal rotation resulting in palms facing down • Supination- external rotation resulting in palms facing up • SHOULDER GIRDLE • Depression- inferior movement, shoulders dropping • Elevation- superior movement, shoulders lifting • Protraction- forward movement • Retraction- backward movement • SHOULDER JOINT • Horizontal Abduction- movement in the horizontal plane away from the midline • Horizontal Adduction- movement in the horizontal plane toward the midline

14. Wrist/Hand Movement Terminology • Dorsiflexion- bending your wrist back • Palmar Flexion- bending your wrist forward • Radial Flexion- abduction movement, bending the thumb side of your wrist toward your radius • Ulnar Flexion- adduction movement, bending the pinky side of your wrist toward your ulna • Opposition of Thumb- diagonal movement of thumb to touch fingers • Reposition of Thumb- diagonal movement of thumb back to anatomical position

15. Biomechanics • Study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems • Mechanics- study of physical actions of forces • Static- systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest or moving at a constant state with no acceleration • Dynamic- systems in motion with acceleration • Kinematics- description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space • Kinetics- study of forces associated with the motion of a body

16. Machines in the Body • Mechanical advantage- enables us to apply a relatively small force, or effort, to move a much greater resistance • 4 functions of machines • Balance multiple forces • Enhance force in attempt to reduce total force needed • Enhance ROM and speed of movement • Alter the resulting direction of the applied force

17. Levers • Anatomical levers can not be changed, but they can be used more efficiently to maximize efforts • Defined as a rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation • 1st Class Levers- The axis (A) is placed between the force (F) and the resistance (R) (see-saw) • 2nd Class Levers- The R is between the A and F (wheelbarrow) • 3rd Class Levers- The F is between the A and R (broom)

19. Laws of Motion • Law of Inertia- • A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force • Law of Acceleration- • A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it. The change in acceleration is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. • Law of Reaction- • For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.

20. Balance, Equilibrium, Stability • Balance- • The ability to control equilibrium, either static or dynamic • Equilibrium- • A state of zero acceleration where there is not change in the speed or direction of the body; can be static or dynamic • Static Equilibrium- the body is at rest or completely motionless • Dynamic Equilibrium- all of the applied and inertial forces acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction • Stability- • The resistance to a change in the body’s acceleration or the resistance to a disturbance of the body’s equilibrium

21. HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

22. How does kinesiology and biomechanics affect the prevention of diseases/disorders? • Write a 1 page paper over the topic above. Follow the rubric provided for specifics. • At MINIMUM address the following: • movements of joints and bones • planes • directional terms • body motions • motions between joint articular surfaces • mechanisms of joints • biomechanical levers. • Paper must be TYPED and turned in online or printed out. Due next class!