§483. 80 Infection Control (F441) F 880 - 883 Cindy Deporter DHSR

§483.80 Infection Control (F441) F 880 - 883 Cindy Deporter DHSR 1 1

Federal Regulatory Language §483.80 Infection Control F 880 The facility must establish and maintain an infection prevention and control program designed to provide a safe, sanitary and comfortable environment and to help prevent the development and transmission of communicable disease and infection. 5

§483.80(a) Infection Control Program The facility must establish an Infection prevention and control program (IPCP) that must include, at a minimum, the following elements:

Program Elements: • 1) A system for preventing, identifying, reporting, investigation and controlling infections and communicable diseases for all residents, staff, volunteers, visitors and other individuals providing services under a contractual arrangement based upon the facility assessment conducted according to 483.70 ( e) and following accepted national standards:

Programs Elements… (2) Written standards, policies, and procedures for the program, which must include, but are not limited to: • (i) A system of surveillance designed to identify possible communicable diseases or infections before they can spread to other persons in the facility; • (ii) When and to whom possible incidents of communicable disease or infections should be reported; • (iii) Standard and transmission-based precautions to be followed to prevent spread of infections;

Program elements…. • (iv) When and how isolation should be used for a resident; including but not limited to: • (A) The type and duration of the isolation, depending upon the infectious agent or organism involved, and • (B) A requirement that the isolation should be the least restrictive possible for the resident under the circumstances. • (v) The circumstances under which the facility must prohibit employees with a communicable disease or infected skin lesions from direct contact with residents or their food, if direct contact will transmit the disease; and • (vi)The hand hygiene procedures to be followed by staff involved in direct resident contact.

Program Elements…. • (3) An antibiotic stewardship program that includes antibiotic use protocols and a system to monitor antibiotic use. • (4) A system for recording incidents identified under the facility’s IPCP and the corrective actions taken by the facility.

§483.80 (b) Infection preventionist [§483.80(b) and all subparts will be implemented beginning November 28, 2019 (Phase 3)] • Remember in NC we have a State Law that requires that you have a designated staff to be the Infection Preventionist • We already require in NC most of this under state law.

483.80(b) Infection Preventionist: all subparts implemented beginning 11/28/19 (Already required in NC) The facility must designate one or more individual(s) as the infection Preventionist(s) (IP)(s) who is responsible for the facility’s IPCP. The IP must: (1) Have primary professional training in nursing, medical technology, microbiology, epidemiology, or other related field; (2) Is qualified by education, training, experience or certification; (3) Works at least part-time at the facility; and (4) Has completed specialized training in infection prevention and control. NC SPICE Program

§483.80 (c) IP participation on QA and A Committee (beginning November 28, 2019 (Phase 3) • The individual designated as the IP, or at least one of the individuals if there is more than one IP, must be a member of the facility’s quality assessment and assurance committee and report to the committee on the IPCP on a regular basis. • [§483.95(c) will be implemented beginning November 28, 2019 (Phase 3)]

483.80 ( c) continued… • (e) Linens. Personnel must handle, store, process, and transport linens so as to prevent the spread of infection. • (f) Annual review. The facility will conduct an annual review of its IPCP and update their program, as necessary.

Annual Review • §483.80(f) Annual review. • The facility will conduct an annual review of its IPCP and update their program, as necessary.

Annual Review: Intent • Develops and implements an ongoing infection prevention and control program (IPCP) to prevent, recognize, and control the onset and spread of infection to the extent possible and reviews and updates the IPCP annually and as necessary. -This would include revision of the IPCP as national standards change;

Intent • Establishes facility-wide systems for the prevention, identification, investigation and control of infections of residents, staff, and visitors. • It must include an ongoing system of surveillance designed to identify possible communicable diseases or infections before they can spread to other persons in the facility and procedures for reporting possible incidents of communicable disease or infections;

Intent • Develops and implements written policies and procedures for infection control that, at a minimum: • Explain how standard precautions and when transmission-based precautions should be utilized, including but not limited to the: • type and duration of precautions for particular infections or organisms involved and • that the precautions should be the least restrictive possible for the resident given the circumstances and the resident’s ability to follow the precautions;

Intent • Prohibit staff with a communicable disease or infected skin lesions from direct contact with residents or their food, if direct contact will transmit the disease; and • Require staff follow hand hygiene practices consistent with accepted standards of practice. • Requires staff handle, store, process, and transport all linens and laundry in accordance with accepted national standards in order to produce hygienically clean laundry and prevent the spread of infection to the extent possible.

Definition • Cleaning: removal of visible soil (e.g., organic and inorganic material) from objects and surfaces and is normally accomplished manually or mechanically using water with detergents or enzymatic products. • Cohorting: the practice of grouping residents infected or colonized with the same infectious agent together to confine their care to one area and prevent contact with susceptible residents (cohorting residents). • During outbreaks, healthcare staff may be assigned to a specific cohort of residents to further limit opportunities for transmission (cohorting staff). The terms “cohort or cohorting” is standardized language used in the practice of infection prevention and control; the use of this terminology is not intended to offend residents or staff.

Definition • Contaminated laundry: laundry which has been soiled with blood/body fluids or other potentially infectious materials or may contain sharps. • Decontamination: the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy pathogenic organisms on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal. • Disinfectant: usually a chemical agent (but sometimes a physical agent) that destroys disease-causing pathogens or other harmful microorganisms but might not kill bacterial spores. It refers to substances applied to inanimate objects. • Disinfection: thermal or chemical destruction of pathogenic and other types of microorganisms. Disinfection is less lethal than sterilization because it destroys most recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily all microbial forms (e.g., bacterial spores).

Definition • Infection preventionist: term used for the person(s) designated by the facility to be responsible for the infection prevention and control program. • NOTE: Designation of a specific individual, detailed training, qualifications, and hourly requirements for an infection preventionist are not required until implementation of Phase 3.

Definition • (Regulated) Medical waste: liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious materials; contaminated items that would release blood or other potentially infectious materials in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed; items that are caked with dried blood or other potentially infectious materials and are capable of releasing these materials during handling (e.g., blood-soaked bandages); contaminated sharps.

Infection Control & Prevention Program • Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) can cause significant pain and discomfort for residents in nursing homes and can have significant adverse consequences. • The facility must establish and maintain an IPCP designed to provide a safe, sanitary, and comfortable environment and to help prevent the development and transmission of communicable diseases and infections. • This program must include, at a minimum, a system for preventing, identifying, reporting, investigating, and controlling infections and communicable diseases for all residents, staff, and visitors. The IPCP must follow national standards and guidelines.

Program requirements…. • For purposes of this guidance, we would expect facilities to tailor the emphasis of their IPCP for visitors. • We expect facilities to work to prevent transmission of infection to the resident from the visitor using reasonable precautions and national standards.For example, passive screening through the use of signs at the entrances to alert visitors with signs and symptoms of communicable diseases not to enter the facility.

Program Requirements: • If a facility has a visitor exception protocol (e.g., end-of-life care), this would need to be determined by the facility. In this case, if a symptomatic visitor/family member must enter the facility, the visitor must still follow the facility’s policies for prevention of transmission (e.g., following respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette procedures).

The program must include: • A system for preventing, identifying, reporting, investigating, and controlling infections and communicable diseases that: • Covers all residents, staff, volunteers, visitors, and other individuals providing services under a contractual arrangement; - Is based on the individual facility assessment; - Follows accepted national standards;

Program must include: • Written standards, policies and procedures in accordance with §483.80(a)(2); • A system for recording incidents identified under the IPCP and corrective actions taken by the facility; and • An antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) (F881).

F 881: 483.80(a)(3) An antibiotic stewardship program that includes antibiotic use protocols and a system to monitor antibiotic use. Intent: • Develops and implements protocols to optimize the treatment of infections by ensuring that residents who require an antibiotic, are prescribed the appropriate antibiotic; • Reduces the risk of adverse events, including the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms, from unnecessary or inappropriate antibiotic use; and • Develops, promotes, and implements a facility-wide system to monitor the use of antibiotics.

Antibiotic Stewardship Antibiotic Stewardship As part of their IPCP programs, facilities must develop an antibiotic stewardship program that promotes the appropriate use of antibiotics and includes a system of monitoring to improve resident outcomes and reduce antibiotic resistance. -This means that the antibiotic is prescribed for the correct indication, dose, and duration to appropriately treat the resident while also attempting to reduce the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms.

Program requirements: • The facility must develop an antibiotic stewardship program which includes the development of protocols and a system to monitor antibiotic use. • This development should include leadership support and accountability via the participation of the medical director, consulting pharmacist, nursing and administrative leadership, and individual with designated responsibility for the infection control program if different.

Program The Antibiotic Stewardship Program in Relation to Pharmacy Services • The assessment, monitoring, and communication of antibiotic use shall occur by a licensed pharmacist in accordance with §483.45(c), F756, Drug Regimen Review. A pharmacist must perform a medication regimen review (MRR) at least monthly, including review of the medical record and identify any irregularities, including unnecessary drugs.

Facility Assessment (F838): The facility must conduct and document a facility-wide assessment to determine what resources are necessary to care for its residents competently during both day-to-day operations and emergencies. The facility must review and update that assessment, as necessary, and at least annually. The facility must also review and update this assessment whenever there is, or the facility plans for, any change that would require a substantial modification to any part of this assessment.

Facility Assessment F 883 continued: The facility assessment must address or include a facility-based and community-based risk assessment, utilizing an all-hazards approach. See §483.70(e) (F838) for guidance on the facility assessment. -The results of the facility assessment must be used, in part, to establish and update the IPCP, its policies and/or protocols to include a system for preventing, identifying, reporting, investigating, and controlling infections and communicable diseases for residents, staff, and visitors.

Facility Assessment NOTE: A community-based risk assessment should include review for risk of infections (e.g., multidrug-resistant organisms- MDROs) and communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza. Appropriate resident tuberculosis screening should be performed based on state requirements.

Policies and Procedures • The facility must develop and implement written policies and procedures for the provision of infection prevention and control. The facility administration and medical director should ensure that current standards of practice based on recognized guidelines are incorporated in the resident care policies and procedures. These IPCP policies and procedures must include, at a minimum: • • As necessary, and at least annually, review and revision of the IPCP based upon the facility assessment (according to 483.70(e)) which includes any facility and community risk; • • An ongoing system of surveillance designed to identify possible communicable diseases or infections before they can spread to other persons in the facility; • • When and to whom possible incidents of communicable disease or infections should be reported within the facility;

Policies and Procedures • How to use standard precautions and how and when to use transmission-based precautions (i.e., contact precautions, droplet precautions, airborne isolation precautions). The areas described below are part of standard and transmission-based precautions40 which are further described under their respective sections. • For example: Hand hygiene (HH) (e.g., hand washing and/or ABHR): consistent with accepted standards of practice such as the use of ABHR instead of soap and water in all clinical situations except when hands are visibly soiled (e.g., blood, body fluids), or after caring for a resident with known or suspected Clostridium (C.) difficile or norovirus infection during an outbreak, or if infection rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) are high; in these circumstances, soap and water should be used.

Link • http://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/providers/index.html • NOTE: According to the CDC, strict adherence to glove use is the most effective means of preventing hand contamination with C. difficile spores as spores are not killed by ABHR and may be difficult to remove even with thorough hand washing. For further information on appropriate hand hygiene practices see the following CDC website:

§483. 80 Infection Control (F441) F 880 - 883 Cindy Deporter DHSR