Identify key military turning points of World War II.

1. Identify key military turning points of World War II. • Does this picture represent a turning point in American history? • Make a list of what all this picture represents.

2. Challenges to FDR’s Foreign Policy • Germany attacks! (led by Adolf Hitler) • Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, France • Italy attacks! (led by Benito Mussolini) • Ethiopia (eastern Africa) • Japan attacks! (led by Hideki Tojo) • China (Manchurian peninsula) • FDR believed American should help its allies, prevent totalitarian dictators from spreading their influence • NEUTRALITY ACTS OUTLAWED American sales of arms to nations at war (isolationism) • Why would America want to stay neutral?

3. The Axis

4. The Allies

5. Isn’t there an international group to prevent this kind of aggression?

6. Lend-Lease Act • 1941: Congress passes law to cancel the old “cash & carry” policy and strengthen the “arsenal of democracy” by SENDING WEAPONS to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States” • $50 billion worth of weapons • Provide arms to certain foreign democracies. • FDR’s Atlantic Charter agreement goes a step further to create the “ALLIES” (US & Britain) • How neutral does America look now?

7. Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941: an unprovoked attack on American naval base in Hawaii • 2,403 killed; 1,178 injured • Much of US Pacific navy fleet destroyed • FDR calls it “a date which will live in infamy” • 94% of Americans had been isolationists before the attack in Hawaii • After the attack, America changed its mind • FDR DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN (but has to help Britain with Germany first) • What does December 7th have in common with September 11th?

8. The U.S. Enters the War • The United States entered the fighting of World War II in 1941, though hostilities had been taking place in Europe since 1939. • The grand strategy employed by the United States, Great Britain, and the other Allied Forces in World War II was to use the bulk of their resources to defeat Nazi Germany first before focusing on Japan.

9. Pearl Harbor

27. Mobilization for WWII • 5 million American volunteer • Another 10 million drafted (Selective Service) • 18 million working in war industries • Less than 25% hired African Americans • Selective Service and War Production Board a sign the U.S. is mobilizing. • Weekly paychecks rose 35% • Unemployment falls to 1.2% • Impacted the American economy by permanently ending the Great Depression.

28. Women of the War • Iconic image from World War II. • Symbolizes women who joined the workforce in heavy industry.

29. Rationing • Office of Price Administration (OPA) set limits on prices, keeping them managable (slow down the inflation!) • OPA also set up a system where households received rationing coupons (c-books) to be used for buying such scarce goods as meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and gasoline. • Americans participated in order to control consumption of resources.

31. War-time Conversion • War Production Board (WPB) said which industries would switch to wartime production • Mechanical pencils turned out bomb parts • Bedspread maker made mosquito netting. • Soft-drink company started filling explosives. • WPB also set a list of conserved materials • Iron, tin, paper, cooking fat • What may have Henry Ford’s company converted to during World War II?

33. A. Philip Randolph • A. Philip Randolph was a well known civil rights leader. During the 1940s, his work was focused mainly on ending racial discrimination of war industries “ • We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and Fight for Our Country.” • FDR backed down and issued an executive order making discrimination in defense industrial hiring illegal • Who does A. Philip Randolph remind you of? • Frederick Douglass? • WEB DuBois? • Martin Luther King, Jr.?

35. Japanese-American Internment • In 1942, FDR ordered removal of 110,000 Japanese-Americans to “relocation centers” (prison camp) • 2/3 were Nisei (born in US) • German and Italian Americans • Necessary because the public safety of the U.S. was in jeopardy. • The Supreme Court said the camps were legal in the name of military necessity

37. Women in War Industries • 6 million women come to work (35% of work force) in order to keep the economy running • And women in war! • WAAC (Women’s Auxiliary Army Commission) never in combat positions • How have women’s roles and expectations evolved from (a) World War I, (b) the Roaring Twenties, (c) The Great Depression, and now (d) World War II?

39. Who is Theodore Geisel? • A clue… I would not like them here or there. I would not like them anywhere. I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them Sam I Am. - Dr. Seuss (T. Geisel) During World War II, Dr. Seuss was an active cartoonist/propagandist in support of the war.

40. Germany was building an empire in Europe

41. The US wanted to stay out of ww2 ISOLATIONISM

42. The US is all talk, no action! NEUTRALITY ACTS

43. By appeasing (letting Germany do whatever), the US looks weak!

44. If we don’t do something soon, Germany & Japan will come here and take over Buy BONDS to help support the war effort

45. The Lend-Lease Act was starting to get the US involved …but not all the way

46. The attacks at Pearl Harbor finally woke America up from its isolationist “nap”

47. War Mobilization Get involved!

48. The US needs to get serious Germany & Japan don’t fight fair

49. Rationing

50. This won’t be a short war