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Mechanisms of disease

Chapter 2. Mechanisms of disease. Causes of Disease. Hereditary Trauma Inflammation/Infection Hyperplasias/Neoplasms Nutritional Imbalance Impaired Immunity. Hereditary. Error in individual’s genetic or chromosomal makeup Congenital - disease present at birth

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Mechanisms of disease

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  1. Chapter 2 Mechanisms of disease

  2. Causes of Disease • Hereditary • Trauma • Inflammation/Infection • Hyperplasias/Neoplasms • Nutritional Imbalance • Impaired Immunity

  3. Hereditary • Error in individual’s genetic or chromosomal makeup • Congenital - disease present at birth • Classifications of hereditary diseases • Single gene abnormality • Abnormality of several genes • Abnormality of a chromosome

  4. Trauma • Caused by physical injury or external force • Type of traumatic disease varies with: • Age • Race • Residence

  5. Trauma • Classifications in order of prevalence: • Motor vehicle accidents • Falls • Drowning • Burns ingested or inhaled objects

  6. Trauma • Classification in order of prevalence: • Poisoning • Penetrating injuries • Physical abuse

  7. Inflammation/Infection • Inflammation - protective immune response triggered by injury or irritant • Infection - invasion of microorganisms into tissues causing cell or tissue injury

  8. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms(continues) • Hyperplasias - overgrowth in response to some type of stimulus • Neoplasms - commonly called tumors • Oncology - study of cancer

  9. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms • Neoplasms classified as: • Benign - limited growth • Encapsulated - enclosed in a capsule • Malignant - uncontrollable growth

  10. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms • Cancer - malignant tumor • Metastasize - moves and spreads • Metastatic - moves from site of origin to secondary site in body

  11. Nutritional Imbalance • Most nutritional diseases are related to over or under consumption • Cachexia - ill, thin, wasted appearance • Alternatives: • Parenteral - administered by injection • Enteral - nutrition through small intestine

  12. Impaired Immunity • Body’s first line of defense is skin, mucous membranes, tears, and secretions • Protective qualities of immune system: • Leukocytes kill foreign invaders • Body reacts to antigens by producing antibodies

  13. Impaired Immunity • Antigens - substances that cause harm and set off a specific response • Antibodies - also called immune bodies • Proteins that render the antigen harmless

  14. Impaired Immunity • Common ways immune system fails: • Allergy • Autoimmunity • Immunodeficiency

  15. Aging • Degeneration • Disease related to age • Tissue degeneration changes functional activity to lower or lesser level • Body’s ability to repair and replace itself slows down with aging process

  16. Cellular Injury • Causes of cellular injury and death: • Hypoxia - not enough oxygen • Anoxia - no oxygen • Drug or bacterial toxins • Viruses

  17. Cellular Adaptation • Types of adaptation: • Atrophy - decrease in cell size • Hypertrophy - increase in cell size • Hyperplasia - increase in cell number • Metaplasia - cell changes to another type

  18. Cellular Adaptation • Types of adaptation: • Dysplasia - alteration in size, shape, and organization of cell • Neoplasia - development of new type of cell with uncontrolled growth pattern

  19. Cell and Tissue Death • Necrosis - cellular death • Ischemia - decreased blood flow • Infarct - area of dead cells • Gangrene - saprophytic bacteria involved in necrotic tissue

  20. Organism Death • Morbidity - state of being diseased • Criteria for brain death: • Lack of response to stimuli • Loss of all reflexes • Absence of respirations • Lack of brain activity on EEG

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