Instructor E-Sources PowerPoint™ Presentation Chapter 2 Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera

1. Instructor E-SourcesPowerPoint™ PresentationChapter 2Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera The History of Texas Harlan Davidson, Inc.

2. Learning Outcomes (2) • be knowledgeable concerning frontier institutions & their impact on Texas culture and society • think about the implications of Indian accommodation & resistance in the Far Northern Frontera • appreciate the relationship between Bourbon reforms & the independence movement • cite the key components of Spain’s legacy in the colonial era

3. Chapter 2Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera • Settling New Spain’s Far North • Crown motivations for settlement • Expand imperial control • Buffer against French & British • Motives of frontier peoples • Escape unemployment, natural disasters, excessive taxation, ethnic prejudice, & other hardships • Opportunity to acquire land & improve economic status

4. The Far Northern Frontera • Settler problems • Fear relocation to unknown hinterland • Settled parts of New Spain face labor shortages ― discourage migrations • Lack of regional infrastructure & isolation • Resistance of Native peoples • By 1800 Spanish Texas remains least inhabited part of New Spain

5. Frontier Institutions • Missions in Spanish Texas • Responsibility • Catholicism sole religion – state subsidized • Guard the Frontier • Christianize native peoples • Minister to families, soldiers, & government officials • Missionization limited • Started 1738: Church of San Fernando in San Antonio • Only mission in Texas at mid-eighteenth century

6. Frontier Institutions • Presidios in Spanish Texas • Responsibility • Function as agents of defense • Serve as trade centers • Attract pioneers seeking security • Assist missionization process • Discipline Indians • Help maintain mission Indian labor force • Social & economic development • Provide work • Place to exchange goods & services

8. Frontier Institutions • The ranching frontier & the cattle trade • Mid-18th century cattle ranching expands • Livestock markets connect Texas to neighboring provinces & Louisiana • Semi-subsistence agriculture develops • Town living • Civilian settlements scarce in 18th century • Urban problems of disease & limited access to services • Camino Real connects Texas to Mexico

9. Frontier Society • Cultural traditions of New Spain modified • Wide range of ethnic identities & wealth • Slavery limited • Tejana legal rights under Spanish law • Women allowed to hold material assets • More rights than French & British North American women

10. Indian Accommodation & Resistance • Hispanicized Native Americans • Resistance to missionization • Warfare, disease, territorial violations, decimate Karankawans, Jumanoes, & Coahuiltecan culture • Caddos retain homelands until 1850s • Apaches & Comanches resist white interlopers

11. The Bourbon Reforms • Streamlining colonial administration • José de Gálvez fact-finding in Mexico • Marqués de Rubí inspecting la frontera • End of Spanish Era • Imperial intrusion resented • Secularization of Missions • Few Native Americans Christianized or Hispanicized • Three major settlements in place: San Antonio, Goliad, & Nacogdoches • Illegal trade & drive for Mexican autonomy increase • Tejanos develop distinct character

12. The Spanish Legacy • 300 Years of Spanish rule in Texas ends • Few mourn passing • Case for relocation never strong • Spanish influence in Texas • Cultural • Language & geographical nomenclature • Cuisine & architecture • Community property laws • Debtor protection

13. Mexican Era (1821-1836) Missions presidios ranchos towns farms towns Tejanas Dona Maria Hinojosa de Balli Bourbon Reforms Miguel Hidalgo de Costilla Juan Bautista de las Casas Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara Spanish terms & words mestizaje Indios barbaros rancheros vaqueros Islenospresidio gente de razon cabildo municipio alcalde acequia corridos peninsulares Diez y Seis de Septiembre reconquista conquistadores Key Words & Terms (2)