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PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE

Cornea. Iris. Retina. Pupil. OPTIC NERVE. Lens. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE. DEVELOP THE AVIATORS UNDERSTANDING OF THE EYE AND THE EYE’S RELATED LIMITATIONS. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE. REFERENCES:

joelle-nixon
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PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE

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  1. Cornea Iris Retina Pupil OPTIC NERVE Lens PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE

  2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • DEVELOP THE AVIATORS • UNDERSTANDING OF THE • EYE AND THE EYE’S • RELATED LIMITATIONS

  3. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • REFERENCES: • FM 1-301 AEROMEDICAL TRAINING FOR • FLIGHT PERSONNEL • TC 1-204 NIGHT FLIGHT • STUDENT HANDOUT NIGHT VISION • REVIEW

  4. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • ELEMENTS • ANATOMY OF THE EYE • TYPES OF VISION • VISUAL LIMITATIONS • DARK ADAPTATION • SELF IMPOSED STRESSES

  5. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • ELEMENTS (CONTINUED) • NIGHT VISION SCANNING TECHNIQUES • DISTANCE ESTIMATION AND • DEPTH PERCEPTION • VISUAL ILLUSIONS • AIRCRAFT DESIGN LIMITATIONS

  6. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE

  7. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • TYPES OF VISION: • PHOTOPIC • MESOPIC • SCOTOPIC

  8. Photopic vision • Day light or bright light • Central vision • Color sense and sharp • Better visual acuity Photopic Vision

  9. Mesopic Vision • Dawn and Dusk • Parafoveal Regions (Rods and Cones) • Decreased Visual Acuity

  10. Scotopic Vision • Night Vision • Peripheral Vision (Rods only) • Acuity degraded 20/200 color blind • Off Center Viewing to compensate blind spot

  11. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • Limitations of Night Vision • Depth Perception • Visual Acuity • Blind Spot • Night Adaptation • Visual Defeciencies

  12. DEPTH PERCEPTION

  13. VISUAL ACUITY

  14. BLIND SPOT

  15. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • Night Vision Adaptation • 30 to 45 minutes for complete adaptation. • Can take up to 3 to 5 hrs. if exposed to the glare of snow, water, or sun.

  16. Visual Deficiencies Myopia (Nearsightedness) Hyperopia (Farsightedness)

  17. ASTIGMATISM

  18. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE SELF-IMPOSED STRESSES • Drugs • Exhaustion (Mental / Physical) • Alcohol • Tobacco • Hypoglycemia (Health)

  19. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • CUES TO DEPTH PERCEPTION: • BINOCULAR CUES • MONOCULAR CUES

  20. BINOCULAR CUES • Valuable only when object is close. • Each eye has a slightly different view.

  21. MONOCULAR CUES • Object seen as one picture. • Are derived from experience

  22. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • PROPER SCANNING TECHNIQUES • SCANNING • OFF-CENTER VIEWING

  23. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • PROPER SCANNING TECHNIQUES • SCANNING • STOP-TURN-STOP-TURN

  24. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE • PROPER SCANNING TECHNIQUES • OFF-CENTER VIEWING • VIEW OBJECT 10 Degrees ABOVE, BELOW or EITHER SIDE

  25. GEOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE • Linear Perceptive • Apparent Foreshortening • Vertical Position in the Field

  26. LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Parallel lines tend to converge

  27. APPARENT FORESHORTENING The shape of object appears elliptical

  28. VERTICAL POSITION in the FIELD Objects appear to be higher on the horizon.

  29. RETINAL IMAGE SIZE • Known Size of Objects • Increasing / Decreasing Size of Objects • Terrestrial Association • Overlapping Contours

  30. KNOWN SIZE OF AN OBJECT

  31. INCREASING/DECREASING Size of OBJECT Increase in Size Decrease in Size

  32. TERRESTRIAL ASSOCIATION

  33. OVERLAPPING CONTOURS

  34. AERIAL PERSPECTIVE • Fading Colors or Shades • Loss of Detail or Texture • Position of Light Source

  35. FADING COLORS and SHADES • Objects viewed through haze, fog and • smoke • Transmission of light.

  36. LOSS of DETAIL or TEXTURE

  37. POSITION OF LIGHT SOURCE Direction of the Shadow

  38. MOTION PARALLAX • Very important cue • Relative Motion • Depends on the distance of the object

  39. VISUAL ILLUSIONS • Decrease in Visual Information • Spatial Disorientation • The most reliable senses • Misinterpretation of what is seen

  40. FALSE VERTICAL ILLUSION Misinterpretation of the Horizon

  41. FLICKER VERTIGO • Light flickers at a rate of 4 to 20 cycles per • second. • May cause nausea, vomiting convulsions • and unconsciousness.

  42. FASCINATION / FIXATION • Pilot intent on hitting target. • Pilot forgets to fly aircraft. • Fly into target or ground.

  43. CONFUSION with GROUND LIGHTS • Misinterpretation of lights

  44. RELATIVE MOTION ILLUSION • Motion between you and a moving object. • Confusing as to who is moving.

  45. AUTOKINETIC ILLUSION • Lack of Visual Veferences. • Off -Center Vision and Scanning Pattern.

  46. STRUCTURAL ILLUSION • Curved glass, heat waves, rain, snow, • sleet, or other disturbance. • Disturbance / Distortion

  47. HEIGHT PERCEPTION ILLUSION • Flying over sand, snow, or water. • Flying through haze, smoke, or fog.

  48. SIZE DISTANCE • False perception of distance from an object • on the ground or in the air. • Misinterprets an unfamiliar object’s size to • be the same as an object they are normally • accustomed to viewing.

  49. ALTERED PLANES of REFERENCES • Approaching a line of clouds or mountains. • Climb in altitude. • Tend to tilt away from the clouds.

  50. REVERSIBLE PERSPECTIVE • Happens at night. • An aircraft flying parallel to yours. • Corrective actions. • Observe the aircraft lights. • RED, RIGHT, RETURNING

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