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Key Chapters Chapter 1 – Exploring Life: Introduction to biology Chapter 2– The Science of Biology. College Prep Biology Mr. Martino. 1.1 Life’s Organization. Interactions occur at and across all levels of life Biosphere ecosystem community
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Key ChaptersChapter 1 – Exploring Life: Introduction to biologyChapter 2– The Science of Biology College Prep Biology Mr. Martino
1.1 Life’s Organization • Interactions occur at and across all levels of life • Biosphere ecosystem community population (species) organism organ systems organs tissues cells molecules atoms • The full spectrum of these interactions encompasses the scope of biology (study of life) • Organisms are highly interdependent - energy flow begins with producers: plants and other organisms that make their own food • Consumers: animals that directly or indirectly rely upon • Decomposers: break down organic material and cycle it back to the producers
Life’s Organization con’t.. • Biosphere – all the parts of the Earth that are inhabited by living things • Includes land, water, air. • Ecosystems – a community of living things in an area which feature living and nonliving components of the biosphere • Biotic factors = living components • Abiotic factors = nonliving components • Organisms – made up of cells that contain a unique genetic code found in DNA • Cells – basic unit of life • DNA – genetic code responsible for the inheritance of genes • Genes – units of inherited information found on chromosomes
1.2 - Biology Explores life in its divers forms • Species – discrete unit in nature that entitles organisms to reproduce with one another. • Classification: is a means of grouping organisms • Kingdom: the 6 broadest categories • Archaebacteria – simple, no true nucleus – inhabit extreme environments • Eubacteria – simple, no true nucleus – all other forms of modern bacteria • Protista – includes algae and protozoa – unicellular or multicellular; plants or animals • Fungi – molds, yeasts and mushrooms – mostly decomposers • Plantae – multicellular, photosynthetic organisms • Animalia – multicellular, heterotrophic organisms
1.3 Ten themes that unify the study of life • Themes • 1. Biological system a complex organization that allows its components to work freely but cohesively • 2. Cells specialized units that allow the biological system to work efficiently • 3. Reproduction: transmission of DNA from parent to offspring • 3. Growth and Development: DNA guides the increase in size and changes that occur over a life time • 4. Metabolism: obtain and convert energy to power all life processes • 5. Response: sense and react to various stimuli • 6. Homeostasis: internal balance is maintained regardless of environment • 7. Evolution: changes that occur as result of repro.
Biological Themes con’t.. • 1859 – Charles Darwin’s book: Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection explained his ideas on evolution. • Immediate best-seller…Darwin became known as Father of Modern Evolutionary Theory • Explained the common threads underlying life’s diversity • Members of the same family are similar because of common ancestry • Main concept is Natural Selection: the process of nature selecting the successful traits in a species • Heritable variation must be present • Heritable characteristics are exposed to environmental factors • Overproduction of offspring
Themes - Continued • Theory: a comprehensive idea based upon facts, which has been tested over and over again • Evolution is a theory that explains diversity • Evolution is chronicled in the fossil record, embryology, anatomy, and molecular biology • Adaptations: features evolved through natural selection - aid an organism’s survival • Mutation: molecular change in DNA • Original source of variations in inherited traits
2.1 Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • “Science” from Latin derivative meaning “to know” • There is NO single formula or rigid sequence that scientists use for problem solving, just key elements • Key elements: • Observations/Data • Questions • Hypotheses • Predictions • Tests • Conclusion • Science involves critical thinking and problem solving • Scientific process can falsify or support hypotheses • In biology, we pose and tests hypotheses about nature
Controlled experiment: an experiment in which there are two parallel groups…. Control group: “normal” conditions Used for comparison Experimental group: has a single, unique factor Variable: the unique factor within an experiment Scientific Method - continued
There are two types of variables: INDEPENDENT: what the experimenter changes DEPENDENT: the change that occurs a result of the independent variable. Science is adaptable Science is self-correcting Science is a means of gaining and understanding info. Scientific Method - continued
2.2 – Hypothesis-Based Science • Methods of Hypothesis-Based Science
Hypothesis-Based Science… • Forming and Testing a Hypothesis • Observation = derived from personal experiences • Question = a problem that needs to be answered • Hypothesis = suggested answer to a well-defined scientific question • Prediction = a testable statement written using “If…then…” logic • Test = experimental procedure designed to test the hypothesis