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Phrases and Clauses

Phrases and Clauses. C. Putnam L. Raney. What is the difference between a clause and a phrase ?. Clause – a group of words that have a subject and a verb that must always agree

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Phrases and Clauses

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  1. Phrases and Clauses C. Putnam L. Raney

  2. What is the difference between a clause and a phrase? • Clause – a group of words that have a subject and a verb that must always agree • Phrase – a noun, verb, or preposition with all its modifiers - does NOT have a subject and verb which agree

  3. Types of Phrases • Noun phrases • Verb phrases • Prepositional phrases • Appositive phrases

  4. Noun Phrase Definition: -A nounwith all its modifiers -A complete subject is always classified as a noun phrase. Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers... • Noun: teachers • Modifiers: • the, frustrated, irritated

  5. Verb Phrase Defined as a verb with all of its modifiers EXAMPLE: …completely frightenedthe seventh grade students. Verb - frightened Modifier - completely EXAMPLE: …would like to improve her grammar skills. Verb phrase - would like to improve

  6. Verbals • Gerunds – verbs that end in “ing” but DO NOT function as a verb - function as nouns - example: One teacher enjoys frightening new seventh graders. (noun as a direct object) • Infinitives - verbs that begin with “to” - function as a nouns, adjectives, or adverbs - example: The language arts classroom is a place students do not want to enter. • Participles - verbs that function as an adjective - example: The screeching teacher frightened the students.

  7. Prepositional Phrase • Defined as the preposition, the object of the preposition (preposition who or what), and all its modifiers • Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers enrolled in Mr. Ruff’s “ Grammar for Dummies” class. preposition - in object of the preposition - class modifiers – Mr. Ruff’s, “Grammar for Dummies”

  8. Appositive Phrase • Definition: A noun phrase that renames the noun it follows. • Also known as a parenthetical phrase • Example: • Brad Ruff, the grammar guru, empowers teachers. Appositive phrase? - the grammar guru

  9. CLAUSES • Definition: Words that contain a subject and a verb which must always agree. Two types of clauses: • Independent Clause • Dependent Clause

  10. Independent Clause • An independent clause MUST HAVE a subject and a verb which agree. Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers finally understood the basic grammar concepts. • All the words in an independent clause can act alone as a sentence. • They are a complete thought.

  11. Dependent Clause • The subject and verb agree, but the words CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence. • also known as subordinate clause or relative clause • Examples: • since the teachersseekproficiency in grammar • which sheltered the children from the storm

  12. Joining Clauses • Clauses can be joined with: • Coordinating conjunctions (join two independent clauses) - AKA “FANBOYS” for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so • Subordinating conjunctions(join dependent clause to independent clause) Some examples: - if, since, because, with, when, whether, while • Relative Pronouns - who, whose, whom, which, that - NOTE: If a relative pronoun is used to begin a dependent clause, that pronoun also has a function within the dependent clause. It will also have an antecedent in the independent clause.

  13. Examples: • coordinating conjunction: - The busses lumbered along the boulevard, and the children eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland. subordinating conjunction: • The busses lumbered along the boulevard while the children eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland. Relative pronoun: - The busses, which were slowly lumbering along the boulevard, were filled with eager children looking for their first sight of Disneyland.

  14. Relative Pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, that • WHO OR WHOM? • WHO – used as the subject of a clause • WHOM – used as an object • Direct object • Indirect objects • Object of a preposition • Example: Because the wind violently sliced through the branches, the toddler, who/whom was terrified, joined its howling. - antecedent? - function in the clause?

  15. Joining Clauses: Dependent Clause (with subordinating conjunction)+ TWOIndependent Clauses (with coordinating conjunction)+Relative Clause (with relative pronoun) • While the frustrated teachers were industriously taking notes,they relaxed, andthe light bulbs went off in their brains,which indicated miraculous understanding of the grammar concepts.

  16. Combination of phrases and clauses determine FOUR TYPES OF SENTENCES # of # of Independent Clauses DependentClauses 1 0 2+ 0 1 1+ 2+ 1+ Type of Sentence -Simple Sentence -Compound Sentence - Complex Sentence -Compound/Complex Sentence

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