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The process of making a copy of DNA is called DNA REPLICATION.

The process of making a copy of DNA is called DNA REPLICATION. Why does DNA need to be copied??? DNA contains all the information required for the function of a cell and the organisms. Remember the base pair rule: A always pairs with T G always pairs with C

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The process of making a copy of DNA is called DNA REPLICATION.

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  1. The process of making a copy of DNA is called DNA REPLICATION. Why does DNA need to be copied??? DNA contains all the information required for the function of a cell and the organisms.

  2. Remember the base pair rule: A always pairs with T G always pairs with C This pairing allowsDNA to actas a template (a guide or pattern) for its own replication.

  3. Summary of dna replication Do not copy

  4. DNA replication occurs in 4 stages: “Unzipping” of DNA helix Priming of DNA Addition of nucleotides to the exposed nitrogen bases. Proofreading ENZYMES play a major role in DNA replication

  5. 1. “Unzipping” of DNA strands • DNA replication occurs during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, before a cell divides. a)The double helix unwinds with the help of DNA HELICASES. These enzymes break the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs at multiple locations simultaneously. helicase

  6. b. Once the two strands are separated, additional proteins hold them apart preventing them from rewinding. The areas where the double helix separates are called replication forks because of their Y shape.

  7. The exposed bases have to be “primed” (prepared) to accept new nucleotides - done with PRIMASE • short molecules called primers attach to the exposed bases and serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis • Why? DNA Polymerase can only add to EXISTING nucleotides 2. Priming of Dna

  8. Once the helix is unwound and primed an enzyme called DNA POLYMERASE moves along each strand of DNA adding free-floating nucleotides to the exposed bases, according to the base-pairing rules. HOWEVER NOTHING IS AS SIMPLE AS IT SEEMS!! 3. Addition of nucleotides

  9. Remember the numbering of the sugar molecules in DNA: • One strand of nucleotides will be pointing with the 5’ end at the top while the other strand will be going in the opposite direction. 3’ 2’ 5’ C C P DRAW THIS! O C 1’ Nitrogen Base 4’ 1’ C 4’ C C C Nitrogen Base O 5’ 2’ 3’ C C C P

  10. DNA polymerase can only synthesize a new strand of DNA in a 5’ 3’ direction. Addition of nucleotides cont.

  11. Since replication can only proceed from a 5’ to the 3’ direction of the new molecule, the contiguous (LEADING) strand nucleotides are inserted in a smooth continuous manner.

  12. 5’ 5’ 3’ DRAW THIS! 3’ Leading Strand: DNA Polymerase adds NEW nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ direction (3’ end of OLD strand) 3’ 5’

  13. The strand that is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction is known as the lagging strand because nucleotides are added in small segments called “Okazaki” fragments. • DNA polymerase is large & gets crowded because it starts close to helicase & primer enzymes at junction of fork – crowded area causes DNA polymerase to keep falling off • These fragments are eventually joined by an enzyme called “ligase” into one long strand.

  14. 5’ 3’ 3’ DRAW THIS! 5’ Lagging Strand: DNA Polymerase adds NEW nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ direction (3’ end of OLD strand) but falls off multiple times 3’ 5’

  15. DNA Replication Steps

  16. All together now …

  17. The human DNA is up to 80 million base pairs long. As a result DNA is”unzipped” at multiple places along its length and DNA replication steps are carried out simultaneously at many places. Interesting Fact: The human DNA is copied at about 50 base pairs per second. The multiple location of DNA replication process takes about 1 hour to complete. If this were not the case, then it would take about a month to finish replicating the entire DNA strand! Do not copy

  18. DNA replication is not complete until several enzymes including DNA polymerase have proofread the nucleotides being added to strand. If they are not found to be complementary, they are removed by nuclease and the correct ones are added. 4. proofreading

  19. DNA replication is considered “semi-conservative” since ½ of the original strand is preserved in each new double helix.

  20. Memorize

  21. DNA Replication animation

  22. Teams of 20-21 students • 5 project managers (lead the teams) • 15-16 members • Object: show how DNA replication is coordinated dance between nucleotides as directed by enzymes • How? Any way you like – just follow guidelines. Kinesthetic (movement)DNA Replication Dance

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