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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, & Amortization: The Big Picture

This chapter provides an overview of depreciation, cost recovery, and amortization for fixed assets and rental properties. It also explains the MACRS method and conventions for personalty assets.

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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, & Amortization: The Big Picture

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  1. Chapter 8 Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion

  2. The Big Picture (slide 1 of 2) Dr. Cliff Payne purchases and places in service in his dental practice the following fixed assets during the current year: Office furniture and fixtures $ 70,000 Computers and peripheral equipment 67,085 Dental equipment 475,000 Using his financial reporting system, he concludes that the depreciation expense on Schedule C of Form 1040 is $91,298. Office furniture and fixtures ($70,000 X 14.29%) $10,003 Computers and peripheral equipment ($67,085 X 20%) 13,417 Dental equipment ($475,000 X 14.29%) 67,878 $91,298 2

  3. The Big Picture (slide 2 of 2) In addition, during the current year, Dr. Payne purchased another personal residence for $300,000 He converts his original residence to rental property. He also purchased a condo for $170,000 near his office that he is going to rent. Has Dr. Payne correctly calculated the depreciation expense for his dental practice? Will he be able to deduct any depreciation expense for his rental properties? Read the chapter and formulate your response. 3

  4. Cost Recovery Recovery of the cost of business or income-producing assets is through: Cost recovery or depreciation: tangible assets Amortization: intangible assets Depletion: natural resources 4

  5. Nature of Property • Property includes both realty (real property) and personalty (personal property) • Realty generally includes land and buildings permanently affixed to the land • Personalty is defined as any asset that is not realty • Personalty includes furniture, machinery, equipment, and many other types of assets • Personalty (or personal property) should not be confused with personal use property • Personal use property is any property (realty or personalty) that is held for personal use rather than for use in a trade or business or an income-producing activity • Cost recovery deductions are not allowed for personal use assets

  6. General Considerations(slide 1 of 3) • Basis in an asset is reduced by the amount of cost recovery that is allowed and by not less than the allowable amount • Allowed cost recovery is cost recovery actually taken • Allowable cost recovery is amount that could have been taken under the applicable cost recovery method • If no cost recovery is claimed on property • The basis of the property must still be reduced by the amount that should have been deducted • i.e., The allowable cost recovery

  7. General Considerations(slide 2 of 3) • If personal use assets are converted to business or income-producing use • Basis for cost recovery and for loss is lower of • Adjusted basis or • Fair market value at time property was converted • Losses that occurred prior to conversion can not be recognized for tax purposes through cost recovery

  8. General Considerations(slide 3 of 3) • MACRS applies to: • Assets used in a trade or business or for the production of income • Assets subject to wear and tear, obsolescence, etc. • Assets that have a determinable useful life or decline in value on a predictable basis • Assets that are tangible personalty or realty

  9. The Big Picture - Example 2Cost Recovery Basis for Personal Use Assets Converted to Business Use Return to the facts of The Big Picture p. 8-1. Five years ago Dr. Payne purchased his personal residence for $250,000. This year Dr. Payne found a larger home that he acquired for his personal residence. Unfortunately he cannot sell his original residence and recover his purchase price of $250,000. The residence was appraised at $180,000. Instead of continuing to try to sell the original residence, Dr. Payne converted it to rental property. The basis for cost recovery of the rental property is $180,000 because the fair market value is less than the adjusted basis. The $70,000 decline in value is deemed to be personal (since it occurred while the property was held for personal use by Dr. Payne) and therefore nondeductible. 9

  10. MACRS characteristics: MACRS Personalty . Statutory lives: 3, 5, 7, 10 yrs 15, 20 yrs Method: 200% DB 150% DB Convention: Half Yr or Mid-Quarter DB = declining balance with switch to straight-line Straight-line depreciation may be elected MACRS-Personalty

  11. Half-Year Convention • General rule for personalty • Assets treated as if placed in service (or disposed of) in the middle of taxable year regardless of when actually placed in service (or disposed of)

  12. Example: Half-Year Convention • Purchased and placed an asset in service on March 15 (Tax year end is December 31) • Treated as placed in service June 30 • Six months cost recovery in year 1 (and year disposed of, if within recovery period)

  13. Mid-Quarter Convention • Applies when more than 40% of personalty is placed in service during last quarter of year • Assets treated as if placed into service (or disposed of) in the middle of the quarter in which they were actually placed in service (or disposed of)

  14. Example: Mid-Quarter Convention • Business with 12/31 year end purchased and placed in service the following used 5-year class assets: • Asset 1: on 3/28 for $50,000, and • Asset 2: on 12/28 for $100,000 • More than 40% placed in service in last quarter; therefore, mid-quarter convention used: • Asset 1: $50,000 × 35% (Exhibit 8.5) = $17,500 • Asset 2: $100,000 × .05 (Exhibit 8.5) = $5,000

  15. The Big Picture - Example 7Mid-Quarter Convention 15

  16. MACRS characteristics: MACRS Realty Residential RentalNonresid. Realty Statutory lives: 27.5 yrs 31.5 yrs or 39 yrs Method: Straight-line Convention: Mid-month Residential rental real estate Includes property where 80% or more of gross rental revenues are from nontransient dwelling units e.g., Apartment building Hotels, motels, and similar establishments are not residential rental property MACRS-Realty (slide 1 of 2)

  17. MACRS-Realty (slide 2 of 2) • Mid-month Convention • Property placed in service at any time during a month is treated as if it was placed in service in the middle of the month • Example: Business building placed in service April 25 is treated as placed in service April 15

  18. Optional Straight-line Election • May elect straight-line rather than accelerated depreciation on personalty placed in service during year • Use the class life of the asset for the recovery period • Use half-year or mid-quarter convention as applicable • Election is made annually by class of property

  19. The Big Picture - Example 11Straight-Line Election 19

  20. The Big Picture - Example 12Straight-Line Election 20

  21. Additional First-Year Depreciation (slide 1 of 2) • Additional first-year depreciation has been allowed for several years • Although the provision was written to expire at the end of 2013, Congress may extend this provision during 2015

  22. Additional First-Year Depreciation (slide 2 of 2) Additional first-year depreciation allows an additional 50% of cost recovery in year asset is placed in service Qualified property includes most types of new property other than buildings Property that is used but new to the taxpayer does not qualify 22

  23. Maple Company acquires a 5-year class asset on April 25, 2015, for $20,000. Maple’s cost recovery deduction for 2015 is computed as follows: 50% additional first-year depreciation ($20,000 X .50) $10,000 MACRS cost recovery [($20,000 - $10,000) X .20 (Exhibit 8.4)] 2,000 Total cost recovery $12,000 Example: Additional First-Year Depreciation

  24. The Big Picture - Example 15MACRS With Additional First-Year Depreciation 24

  25. Election to Expense Assets -Section 179 (slide 1 of 5) • General rules • Can elect to immediately expense up to $500,000 of business tangible personalty placed in service in 2015 • Cannot use § 179 for most realty or production of income property

  26. Election to Expense Assets -Section 179 (slide 2 of 5) • Section 179 general rules • Amount expensed reduces depreciable basis • Any elected § 179 expense is taken before additional first-year depreciation is computed • The base for calculating the standard MACRS deduction is net of the § 179 expense and the additional first-year depreciation (50% in 2015)

  27. Election to Expense Assets -Section 179 (slide 3 of 5) • Annual limitations: • Expense limitation ($500,000 for 2015) is reduced by amount of § 179 property placed in service during year that exceeds $2,000,000 in 2015 • Example: In 2015, taxpayer placed in service $2,015,000 of § 179 property. • The § 179 expense limit is reduced to $485,000 • [$500,000 – ($2,015,000 – $2,000,000)]

  28. Election to Expense Assets -Section 179 (slide 4 of 5) • Annual limitations: • Election to expense cannot exceed taxable income (before § 179) of taxpayer’s trades or businesses • Any amount expensed under § 179 over taxable income limitation may be carried over to subsequent year(s) • Amount carried over still reduces basis currently • The § 179 amount eligible for expensing in a carryforward year is limited to the lesser of • The statutory dollar amount ($500,000 in 2015) reduced by the cost of § 179 property placed in service in excess of $2,000,000 (in 2015) in the carryforward year, or • The business income limitation in the carryforward year.

  29. Election to Expense Assets -Section 179 (slide 5 of 5) Example 17:

  30. Listed Property (slide 1 of 4) • There can be substantial limits on cost recovery of assets considered listed property • Listed property includes the following: • Passenger automobile • Other property used as a means of transportation • Property used for entertainment, recreation, or amusement • Computer or peripheral equipment • Cellular telephone

  31. Listed Property (slide 2 of 4) • To be considered as predominantly used for business, business use must exceed 50% • Use of asset for production of income is not considered in this 50% test • However, both business and production of income use percentages are used to compute cost recovery

  32. Listed Property (slide 3 of 4) • To be considered as predominantly used for business (cont’d) • If 50% test is met, then allowed to use statutory percentage method of cost recovery with some limitations

  33. Listed Property (slide 4 of 4) • If asset is not used predominantly for business i.e., business use does not exceed 50% • Must use straight-line method • If business use falls to 50% or lower after year property is placed in service, must recapture excess cost recovery

  34. For autos placed in service in 2014, cost recovery limits are: YearRecovery Limitation 1 $3,160 2 5,100 3 3,050 Succeeding years until the cost is recovered 1,875 If a passenger auto used predominantly for business qualifies for additional first-year depreciation First-year recovery limitation is increased by $8,000 Limit increases from $3,160 to $11,160 ($3,160 + $8,000). Passenger Auto Cost Recovery Limits (slide 1 of 7)

  35. Passenger Auto Cost Recovery Limits (slide 2 of 7) • Limits are for 100% business use • Must reduce limits by percentage of personal use • Limit in the first year includes any amount the taxpayer elects to expense under § 179

  36. Example: Taxpayer acquired an auto in 2014 for $30,000, used it 80% for business, and elects not to take additional first-year depreciation. 2014 cost recovery allowance: ($30,000 × 20%) × 80% $4,800 But deduction is limited to $3,160 × Business use % × 80% Cost recovery allowance $2,528 Passenger Auto Cost Recovery Limits (slide 3 of 7)

  37. Passenger Auto Cost Recovery Limits (slide 4 of 7) • Limit on § 179 deduction • For certain vehicles not subject to the statutory dollar limits imposed on passenger automobiles the § 179 deduction is limited to $25,000 • The limit applies to sport utility vehicles with an unloaded GVW rating of more than 6,000 pounds and not more than 14,000 pounds

  38. Passenger Auto Cost Recovery Limits (slide 5 of 7) • Listed property that fails the >50% business usage test in year property is placed in service must be recovered using the straight-line method • Such property does not qualify for additional first-year depreciation • If the >50% business usage test is failed in a year after the property is placed in service, straight-line method must be used for remainder of property’s life • Cost recovery of passenger auto under straight-line listed property rule still subject to annual limits

  39. Passenger Auto Cost Recovery Limits (slide 6 of 7) • Change from predominantly business use • If the business use percentage falls to 50% or lower after the year the property is placed in service, the property is subject to cost recovery recapture • The amount recaptured as ordinary income is the excess cost recovery • Excess cost recovery is the excess of the cost recovery deductions taken in prior years using the statutory percentage method over the amount that would have been allowed if the straight-line method had been used

  40. Passenger Auto Cost Recovery Limits (slide 7 of 7) • Leased autos subject to inclusion amount rule • Using IRS tables, taxpayer has gross income equal to each lease year’s inclusion amount • Purpose is to prevent avoidance of cost recovery dollar limits applicable to purchased autos by leasing autos

  41. Farm Property (slide 1 of 2) • Generally, for farm assets use: • MACRS 150% declining-balance method for personalty • MACRS straight-line method is required for any tree or vine bearing fruits or nuts • Straight line method over the normal periods (27.5 years and 39 years) for real property • If the election is made to not have the uniform capitalization rules apply, alternative depreciation system (ADS) straight-line method must be used

  42. Farm Property (slide 2 of 2) 42

  43. Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) (slide 1 of 2) • ADS is an alternative depreciation system that is used in calculating depreciation for: • Alternative minimum tax (AMT) • Assets used predominantly outside the U.S. • Property owned by the taxpayer and leased to tax exempt entities • Earnings and profits

  44. Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) (slide 2 of 2) • Generally, use straight-line recovery without regard to salvage value • For AMT, 150% declining balance is allowed for personalty • Half-year, mid-quarter, and mid-month conventions still apply

  45. Amortization (slide 1 of 2) • Can claim amortization deduction on § 197 intangibles • Use straight-line recovery over 15 years (180 months) beginning in month intangible is acquired • Section 197 intangibles include acquired goodwill, going-concern value, trademarks, trade names, etc.

  46. Amortization (slide 2 of 2) • Startup expenditures are also partially amortizable under § 195 • Treatment is available only by election • Allows the taxpayer to deduct the lesser of: • The amount of startup expenditures, or • $5,000, reduced by the amount startup expenditures exceed $50,000 • Any amounts not deducted may be amortized ratably over 180-months beginning in month trade or business begins

  47. Depletion (slide 1 of 4) • Two methods of natural resource depletion • Cost: determined by using the adjusted basis of the resource and allocating over the recoverable units • Percentage: determined using percentage provided in Code and multiplying by gross income from resource sales

  48. Depletion (slide 2 of 4) • Cost depletion • Depletion is computed on a per unit basis • Per unit amount is determined by dividing the basis of the resource by the estimated recoverable units of resource • Number of units sold in year × per unit depletion = depletion for year • Total depletion can not exceed total cost of the property

  49. Depletion (slide 3 of 4) • Percentage depletion • Depletion is computed by using the statutory percentage rate for the type of resource • Rate is applied to the gross income from the property

  50. Depletion (slide 4 of 4) • Percentage depletion • Percentage depletion cannot exceed 50% of the taxable income (before depletion) from the property • Percentage depletion reduces basis in property • However, total percentage depletion may exceed the total cost of the property • Example: Property with zero basis but still generating income

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