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OUTLINE 7 VII. Mechanisms of Animal Development A. Cytoplasmic determinants

OUTLINE 7 VII. Mechanisms of Animal Development A. Cytoplasmic determinants 1. axes of symmetry in amphibians 2. bicoid gene in Drosophila B. Cell communication 1. Holtfreter’s work 2. mechanisms of cell recognition 3. induction

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OUTLINE 7 VII. Mechanisms of Animal Development A. Cytoplasmic determinants

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  1. OUTLINE 7 VII. Mechanisms of Animal Development A. Cytoplasmic determinants 1. axes of symmetry in amphibians 2. bicoid gene in Drosophila B. Cell communication 1. Holtfreter’s work 2. mechanisms of cell recognition 3. induction C. Morphogens and pattern formation (chick limb bud) D. Hormones (in amphibian development) 1. pattern of metamorphosis 2. role of thyroxin 3. evidence

  2. OUTLINE 6 VI. Morphogenesis A. General features of gastrulation B. Cell movement 1. extension and contraction 2. adhesion C. Gastrulation in the sea urchin D. Gastrulation in the frog E. Three layers of cells 1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm F. Neurulation

  3. Fig. 47.9 Gastrulation in the Sea urchin

  4. Gastrulation in the frog Fig. 47.10

  5. Frog gastrulation (cross section)

  6. Fig. 47.16 Changes in cell shape during morphogenesis

  7. Fig. 47.11 Neurulation in the frog

  8. Gastrulation and neurulation in the frog

  9. Determination of axes of symmetry in the frog Fig. 47.7

  10. Fig. 21.23 Development in the fly

  11. Fig. 21.24 Determination of anterior - posterior axis in the fly

  12. ectoderm mesoderm endoderm 1. dissociation 3. resegregation 2. reaggragation Holtfretter 1955

  13. Spemann and Mangold: an organizer Fig. 47.22

  14. Pattern formation: the chick limb bud Fig. 47.24

  15. Pattern formation: the chick limb bud Fig. 47.24

  16. Tadpole Aquatic Gills Herbivorous Swimming Frog Terrestrial Lungs Carnivorous Jumping metamorphosis

  17. Stage 36 C O Stage 27 C 20 mm 20 mm O Stage 42 C O Omnivore Carnivore

  18. Comparison of beaks of spadefoot tadpoles Omnivore Carnivore

  19. Comparison of digestive systems of spadefoot tadpoles Carnivore Omnivore

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