1. Economic and social differences between the North and the South

1. The Five Main Causes to the Civil War • 1. Economic and social differences between the North and the South • With Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable. • It was a machine able to reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton. More cotton could be turned out, quickly • Before the cotton gin, the seeds had to be separated by hand, and it took a long time to get a major amount of sellable cotton • This changed a lot of plantation owners’ minds because they were growing tobacco and other crops • However, at the same time the increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton meant the greater need for a large amount of cheap labor, for example, slaves.

2. This was because after seven (7) years, the servant was a free man. With slaves, they were owned so they didn’t ever get freed • ALSO owners knew their slaves would more than likely have children, so the children would automatically become their slaves (“replenish their supply”) • The southern economy became a one crop economy, depending on cotton and therefore on slavery • On the other hand, the northern economy was based more on industry (manufacturing) than agriculture • The northern industries were purchasing the raw cotton and turning it into finished goods • This disparity between the two set up a major difference in economic attitudes • The South was based on the plantation system • continued to hold onto an antiquated social order • The North was focused on city life • This meant that society evolved as people of different cultures and classes had to work together

3. 2. States versus federal rights • Since the time of the Revolution, two camps emerged: • Proponents for greater states rights • Those arguing federal government needed to have more control • The first organized government in the US after the American Revolution was under the Articles of Confederation. The thirteen states formed a loose confederation with a very weak federal government. • The leaders of the time to came together at the Constitutional Convention and created, in secret, the US Constitution • Strong proponents of states’ rights like Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry were not present at this meeting • Many felt that the new constitution ignored the rights of states to continue to act independently

4. Felt that the states should still have the right to decide if they were willing to accept certain federal acts • This resulted in the idea of nullification, whereby the states would have the right to rule federal acts unconstitutional • The federal government denied states this right • Proponents such as John C. Calhoun fought vehemently for nullification • When nullification would not work some states felt that they were no longer respected, so they moved towards secession • 3. Growth of the Abolition Movement • Northerners became more polarized against slavery • Sympathies began to grow for abolitionists and against slavery and slaveholders

5. This occurred especially after some major events including: • The publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin • Depicted the realty of slavery • Most who read it didn’t know about how slavery life was like, many horrified • Helped “lay the groundwork” for the Civil War • T he Dred Scott Case (1857) • Supreme Court decided the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the territories (Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional) • Court also ruled that people of African descent (both slave and free) were not protected by the Constitution and were not US citizens • Chief Justice Roger B. Taney hoped the ruling would put to rest any of the issues with slavery from here on; actually had the adverse effect • Biggest example was the Lincoln-Douglas debate • Lincoln/Republicans main plank in their platform was preventing the further expansion of slavery

6. John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (AKA: John Brown’s Raid or The Raid on Harpers Ferry) • Brown, an abolitionist, attempted to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a US arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA • The raid consisted of 20 men, but was defeated by a detachment of Marines led by General Robert E. Lee • The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (AKA: The Fugitive Slave Law) • Part of the Compromise of 1850 • Held individuals responsible for harboring fugitive slaves even if they were located in non-slave states • Heightened Northern fears of a “slave power conspiracy” • Abolitionists nicknamed it the “Bloodhound Law” because they were the type of dogs used to track down runaway slaves

7. 4. The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents. • America was expanding quickly (Louisiana Purchase, and land from the Mexican War) • The question of whether new states admitted to the Union would be slave or free was asked. • The Missouri Compromise passed in 1820 made a rule that prohibited slavery in states from the former Louisiana Purchase the latitude 36degrees 30 minutes north except in Missouri. • During the Mexican War, conflict started about what would happen with the new territories that the US expected to gain upon victory. • David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso in 1846 which would ban slavery in the new lands. This was shot down, to a lot of debate. • The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between free and slave states, northern and southern interests.

8. Another issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. • It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free or slave. • The real issue occurred in Kansas where pro-slavery Missourians began to pour into the state to help force it to be slave. • They were called "Border Ruffians." • Problems came to a head in violence at Lawrence Kansas. The fighting that occurred caused it to be called "Bleeding Kansas." • The fight even erupted on the floor of the US Senate, in May of 1856, when antislavery proponent Charles Sumner (MA) was beat over the head by South Carolina's Senator Preston Brooks. • Brooks took offense because Sumner was ridiculing his home state; his fellow representative from SC, Andrew Pickens Butler; and the South.

9. 5. The election of Abraham Lincoln. • Things were already coming to a head, when Lincoln was elected in 1860. • South Carolina issued its "Declaration of the Causes of Secession." • They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. • Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded from the Union: • South Carolina Mississippi • Florida Alabama • Georgia Louisiana • Texas

10. Civil WarThe Country at War

11. UnionandConfederacy • February 1861 South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas form Confederate States of America. • Confederates pick Jefferson Davis (MS) president and Alexander Stevens (GA) vice president; both had opposed secession LastAttemptsatCompromise • Border states proposed a compromise to keep union together • Compromise was to extend Missouri compromise line to California border • President to be: Lincoln says, “No” • Lincoln offered to try and protect slavery forever in states it existed already, Confederates were not interested • Confederates ready to found their own country 1

12. Fort Sumter • March 4, 1861 Lincoln inaugurated • Stars and Stripes gone everywhere in the South except a fort in Pensacola, Florida and at Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor of South Carolina • Lincoln won’t make issue of fort in Florida but he won’t give up Ft. Sumter • If Sumter fell, only way to save Union would be to invade the South, border states would then join Confederacy • If Sumter held up by Union the South might rejoin without a fight • If Sumter fired on by South, Lincoln could accuse the seceded states of rejecting peace and starting war • Sumter needed supplies so Lincoln wrote South Carolina governor saying he was sending a supply ship but no troops • Confederate President Davis ordered to turn ship back 2

13. 3 • On April 12, 1861 ship entered harbor • South Carolina batteries open fire on the fort • Sumter bombarded for 40 hours • April 13, Sumter surrendered to Confederate • April 15, Lincoln asked for 75,000 soldiers to fight WAR HAD BEGUN!!!

14. TheBorderStatesChooseSides Lincoln calls for troops; forced states to choose sides Border States Decide UnionConfederacy Delaware Arkansas Maryland (*) Tennessee Kentucky (1/2) Virginia ($) Missouri (1/2) North Carolina (+) (*) Maryland surrounds D.C. so Lincoln kept them in by force (1/2) Divided on issue, force and persuasion kept them in the union (+) May have went with Union but was surrounded by Confederate states ($) Only part of the state 4

15. 5 ANewState • 50 western counties of Virginia refused to leave union • Western Virginians owned few slaves and resented eastern Virginians control of the state government • 1861 western Virginia rejected succession and set up their own government • 1863 West Virginia becomes its own state TheOddsAgainsttheSouth

16. 6 SouthernersThoughtTheyCouldWin • Southerners only defending not out to conquer North • Rebels (south) knew the terrain better • South thought Britain would help them because of their cotton • Better soldiers in South, and military leaders • Ex./ R.E Lee TheCampaignof1861 • Fort Sumter attack kicked off a shooting war • Men rushed to serve on both sides • Within weeks the Union had 186,000 soldiers, Confederacy 112,000 TheArmies: Cavalry&Artillery • Civil war armies divided into 3 groups • Cavalry- used horses, light weights, fast unit Reconnaissance was main function • Artillery- slow moving, big guns, “soften up” the enemies fortifications before infantry attacked

17. Infantry- battlefields very smoky, Infantry could not see enemy until they were close enough for hand-to-hand combat, usually foot soldiers, were divided into brigades of 2,000 to 3,000 troops, they were the core of the army, and suffered the most casualties BillyYank&JohnnyReb • Average soldiers between 17-25 yrs of age • Wealthy men in both North and South could avoid the draft • South, (“Johnny Reb”) slave owners were allowed to sit out of the war • Both North and South a draftee could pay a substitute to take his place • North could even pay government $300 to escape draft • Average Union soldiers (“Billy Yank”) couldn’t afford $300 • Protesting over draft occurred 7

18. ArmyLife • Battles few, but horrifying • Poor food, clothing, and shelter • Supplies low, especially in South • Physicians unable to cope, more soldiers died of contagious diseases than in battle. • Ex: dysentery, typhoid fever, and influenza TheFirstBattle • Spring 1861 both sides prepare for first and only battle of war • Rebs expected to defeat Yanks, march into Washington D.C. and sign the treaty granting their independence • Union expected to defeat Rebs march into Richmond, Virginia (Confederate capitol) • General Winfield Scott (North) thought it would be a long and difficult war • Scott developed the AnacondaPlan 8

19. Union navy would blockade the southern coast, and Union armies would encircle, divide, and crush the confederacy • Lincoln like most, thought the war would be over quickly • Lincoln doesn’t go with Scotts plan at first and sends ill-prepared troops South in July 1861 • Under General Irwin McDowell, Union went toward Richmond • Two sides meet “Battle of Bull Run” • Both evenly matched • Union troops on verge of breaking through but troops under “Stonewall” Jackson hold position until fresh Confederate troops arrive, pushing Yanks back • Union routed, threw down guns and ran, D.C. undefended for days 9

20. TheLessonofBullRun • Bull Run taught both sides that the war would last • Key would be to train troops well • Both sides spent rest of 1861 for recruitment, drilling, and more training • South puts General Joseph G. Johnston in charge of armies • North replaces McDowell with General George B. McClellan UnionStrategy • First-pressure kept on Richmond • Second-front in west, Lincoln sends troops down Mississippi River to split Confederate • Third-naval blockade, South imported most goods and paid for them by selling cotton, idea was to block off their economy then they couldn’t fight on ConfederateStrategy • Confederates wanted British or French aid • South thought if they could win one major battle one of the powers would join • Hope for a French alliance died first 10

21. 11 • Napoleon III of France established a French presence in Mexico- ignoring the Monroe Doctrine • U.S. busy with Civil War can’t do anything about France in Mexico • Wealthy land owners and textile mill owners in Britain sided with South • But antislavery feelings strong in Britain among the working people • South knew they needed a “Big” win to get British help • GrantsWar • Lincoln wants Grant to destroy Lee • TheTennesseeCampaign • Sept. 1863 Union pushes Confed. out of Tenn. Into North Georgia • Union troops control Chattanooga, Ten. • South counterattacked at Chickamauga Creek, one battle where north was out-numbered, Union smashed • Union troops retreat to Chattanooga • South couldn’t take Chattanooga and later pushed back to Georgia • Lincoln puts Grant in charge of entire army

22. 12 • GrantBeforeRichmond • Grant would use his numbers to march on Richmond • Union could replace men that south could not • Grant moved 100,000 south • Grant and Lee clash at Spotsylvania Courthouse and Cold Harbor • July, Lee pushed south of Richmond • Grant stays cool and stays put • LossofShenandoah • Sheridan chased Confederacy into the Shenandoah Valley-fertile farm land • Valley had fed Lee’s army for 3 years • Sheridan’s men wasted the valley • Sheridan reported, “A crow could not fly over the Shenandoah without carrying its own provisions”

23. 13 • Lincoln’sRe-election • Lincoln vs. G. McClellan • Lincoln a political manipulator • Lincoln wins reelection in 1864 easily, 212 electorals to McClellan’s 2 • Sherman’sMarchtotheSea • General Sherman (N) moved into Georgia, fought Johnston (S) on way • Sept. of 1864 North in Atlanta, a major rail center in deep south • Sherman, however, was in a tight situation b/c he had only a single line of supplies over 1 railroad from Chattanooga 100 miles away • If Sherman waited in Atlanta he would be surrounded and starved out • With Grant’s permission, Sherman ordered citizens to leave Atlanta and burned the city down • Sherman then moved S.E. • Troops (Union) moved S.E. in 60 miles wide, columns, striping land of buildings, crops, and livestock • Union troops lived off the land • Sherman had two purposes for this great destruction • 1: make it difficult for Confederacy to pursue him, they too would have no supplies • 2: punish South for rebellion

24. 14 • Dec.-Sherman reached Savannah where supplies brought in from sea • Feb.-Sherman starts north to help Grant attack Lee in final blow • StillnessatAppomattox • Feb. 1865 Lincoln meets Confederate VP Stephens to make peace • Stephens insisted on southern independence • Peace talks came to be nothing • April Lee down to 54,000 men and Grant had 115,000 • Lee runs to the west to link up with Johnston’s army, to make last stand • Grant cut Lee off heading west • Lee’s men in very bad shape, he asked for terms of surrender • Lee met Grant in tiny town of Appomattox Courthouse • SurrenderTerms • Confederacy surrendered all arms except the officers revolvers and swords • Officers and enlisted men could keep their horses for the spring plowing • After Lee’s soldiers took an oath of loyalty to the Union they received provisions and could go home • April Johnston surrenders under similar terms • Within weeks of Johnston’s surrender, the rest of Confederate troops dispersed

25. 15 • TheAmericanTragedy • 1/3 of men who served were killed, wounded, or captured • Few days after Lincoln toured ruined Richmond he went to a play in D.C. • Good Friday April 14, 1865 shortly after 10 o’clock Pro-Confederate actor John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln