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History of Jews in Europe

History of Jews in Europe. By Jason Naulty. Spanish Inquisition. Ferdinand and Isabella established the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 Meant for the discovery and punishment of heresy 13,000 Spanish Jews were put to trial over a 12 year period

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History of Jews in Europe

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  1. History of Jews in Europe By Jason Naulty

  2. Spanish Inquisition • Ferdinand and Isabella established the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 • Meant for the discovery and punishment of heresy • 13,000 Spanish Jews were put to trial over a 12 year period • Spanish aggression coalesced into an expulsion of 200,000 Jews from Spain

  3. Portuguese Inquisition • A new inquisition began in 1531 in Portugal • Targeted many of the Jews that had been driven out of Spain in 1492 • Many of those who fled went to Amsterdam

  4. Early Ghettos • The first Ghetto was established in Venice in 1516 • In 1555, a ghetto in Rome was created, which began a widespread trend of confining Jews into enclaves within cities • These ghettos often had only one or two entries and exits, and no Jews were allowed to leave after sundown

  5. Jewish Immigration to Poland • Following the Spanish Inquisition, a massive amount of Jews flocked to Poland as the Polish monarchy began Jewish toleration • Approximately 80% of Jews were living in Poland by the mid 16th century

  6. Economic Success in Poland • Upon immigration to Poland, Jews gained good status with Polish nobility • Many became business partners with the nobility • Many Jews became involved in the wheat export industry • They ran their own mills, exported wheat to the West, and traded luxury goods they had received as payment to the Polish nobles

  7. Martin Luther and Anti-Semitism • Martin Luther initially did not take a stance on Judaism • After creating Lutheranism, Luther turned against the Jews • Luther claimed that Jews no longer had an excuse not to convert, because they no longer faced the oppression of the Catholic Church • Luther’s outspoken hatred for Jews became notable works of anti-semitism

  8. England • Oliver Cromwell readmitted Jews to England in 1655 • English Parliament passed a law stating that Jews can be naturalized in English colonies in 1740 • Jews finally received full emancipation in 1858

  9. The French Revolution • The French Revolution brought about Jewish citizenship in France • The Reign of Terror, however, caused the closing of many synagogues and Jewish organizations • Napoleon eventually established anti-Jewish laws that forced Jews into poverty and attempted to assimilate them into French society

  10. End of the Inquisition • The Inquisition was abolished in Portugal in 1765 and in Spain in 1808 • By the end of the Inquisition, over 31,000 Jews were estimated to have been burned at the stake • Nearly 300,000 Jews had been forced to make “reconciliations” in the Inquisition • The end of the Inquisition can be attributed to the spread of Enlightenment ideals

  11. Mass Emancipation • The second half of the 19th century brought several countries emancipating the Jews • England – 1858 • Hungary – 1867 • Italy – 1870 • Germany - 1871

  12. Pogroms • Government organized Russian attacks on the Jewish population • Tens of thousands of Jews were killed in the series of attacks • Over 2 million Jews emigrated from Russia as a result of the Pogroms

  13. Zionism • A Jewish movement dedicated to returning the Jews to their homeland • Many Zionists portrayed themselves as greater than other non-Zionist Jews as well as non-Jewish people • This movement caused a trend in emigration from Europe, especially after the Russian Pogroms

  14. The Bund • A Jewish socialist labor group in Russia • An attempted Russian revolution in 1905 by the Bund failed • Backlash occurred against the Jews, more pogroms resulted • The 1917 Russian Revolution was more successful for the Bund, allowing Jews to gain equal rights • The Russian Civil War led to more pogroms

  15. Hitler and Anti-Semitism • Hitler was in prison when he wrote his manifesto, Mein Kampf • In the book, Hitler outlined many of his anti-Semitic ideals • Hitler claimed that Germans were of the perfect Aryan race, and Jews were not • Hitler also claimed that Jews were conspiring to conquer the Aryans and rule the world • This led to many of his anti-Semitic policies in the future

  16. Nazism and German Subjugation • The Nazis rose to power during the inter-war period in Germany • Jews had been acculturated into German society • Nazis began to create policies that stripped Jews of their rights and property while simultaneously promoting terror and violence against them • Their main effort before the Holocaust was to make the Jews leave Germany

  17. Forced Jewish Identification • The Nazis required Jews to wear identification badges • Jews were isolated; even schoolchildren were kept apart from their peers • This was done in an effort to dehumanize the Jews of Europe

  18. 20th Century Ghettos • With the oppression of Jews came the re-establishment of ghettos in European cities • These ghettos were in worse condition than any others in history • Jews were cramped, starving, and dirty • Jews were kept there as though they were imprisoned • Epidemics and starvation within ghettos claimed many lives

  19. Concentration Camps • Hitler’s ethnic cleansing effort was made within the walls of concentration camps and death camps • Concentration camps forced Jews to undergo hard labor; Jews were starved, mistreated, and many died • Those who did not die were usually sent to death camps • These camps were specifically designed for murdering Jews; most were suffocated in “showers,” and some were shot

  20. Impact of the Holocaust • The most widely accepted death toll approximation is 6 million Jews • Jews were afraid to return to their homes • Many anti-Semitic movements still persisted

  21. Post-WWII Refugee Crisis • Because many Jews could not return to their homes after the Holocaust, they attempted to migrate westward • With nowhere to go, the Jews were placed in Allied refugee camps • Tens of thousands of survivors were held in refugee camps with nowhere to go • Immigration restrictions in Palestine, England, and the United States caused many Jews to become permanent refugees

  22. United Nations and Israel • Great Britain first opposed the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine • Britain did not support unlimited immigration of Jews to the region • The US and other UN powers supported the idea and promised autonomy to the Jewish Agency • Israel was established as a sovereign country in 1947

  23. Ending the Diaspora • The Diaspora had been an anti-Jewish movement since before the Common Era • Jews had been kept away from their homeland for centuries • The creation of Israel as a Jewish state began the end of this movement • This caused the beginning of mass Jewish emigration from Europe and helped resolve the refugee crisis

  24. Soviet Mass Exodus • Jews were being held essentially as prisoners within their own country in the Soviet Union • In 1990, the Soviet Union opened its borders to Jewish emigration • Hundreds of thousands of Jews left the Soviet Union as a result • Most of these Jews emigrated to Israel

  25. Jews Today • There are only approximately 1.5 million Jews left in Europe today • France – 600,000 • Britain – 275,000 • Russia – 275,000 • Ukraine – 112,000 • Germany – 98,000 • Hungary – 55,000

  26. Bibliography • "The Aftermath of the Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. •  Braun, Hanna. "A Basic History of Zionism and Its Relation to Judaism." A Basic History of Zionism and Its Relation to Judaism. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Creation of Israel, 1948 - 1945–1952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian." Creation of Israel, 1948 - 1945–1952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. •  "The Czars and the Jews." The Czars and the Jews. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  Falk, Gerhard. "History of the Ghetto." History of the Ghetto. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "History Wing | Jewish Virtual Library." History Wing | Jewish Virtual Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Holocaust Badges." Holocaust Memorial Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. •  "The Holocaust." Holocaust History. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Jewish Life during the Holocaust." Jewish Life during the Holocaust. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. • LeElef, Ner. "World Jewish Population." World Jewish Population. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Timeline of Jewish History." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014

  27. Pictures Bibliography • "Anti-semitism and National Socialism - MoishePostone." Anti-semitism and National Socialism - MoishePostone. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "History of the Jews in Europe." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Inquisition." Inquisition. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Jewish Badge and Armbands 1939-1945." Jewish Badge and Armbands 1939-1945. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Jewish Emancipation." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Kiev Pogroms (1919)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. •  "Prisons and Dungeons of an Inquisition. Old Drawings and Engravings. Gallery 2."Prisons and Dungeons of an Inquisition. Old Drawings and Engravings. Gallery 2. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.

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