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Other Protest (besides Civil Rights) Movements of the 60s

The feminist movement of the 1960s, influenced by the civil rights movement, inspired women to become politically conscious and active. Led by influential figures such as Betty Friedan, women fought for gender equality, advocating for important issues such as child care facilities, education and job opportunities, maternity leave, the right to abortion, and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The movement also saw the rise of radical consciousness raising groups and the founding of the National Organization for Women (NOW). Despite challenges and opposition, the feminist movement achieved significant successes in the 60s and beyond, including the establishment of Ms. Magazine, the passage of the Equal Pay Act and Affirmative Action, and the landmark Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade.

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Other Protest (besides Civil Rights) Movements of the 60s

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  1. Other Protest (besides Civil Rights) Movements of the 60s

  2. 1. Feminist Movement Influenced By; 1. Civil Rights movement: made women more politically conscious and active: inspired by successes of 1964 and 1965 2. Betty Friedan: women were inspired by her book the Feminine Mystique, 1963: should not accept role / stereotype of Conformism of the 50s

  3. 3. Kennedy’s Commission on Civil Rights: exposed widespread gender discrimination and set up an Advisory Commission on the Status of Women. Women’s / Feminist Organizations • NOW: National Organization for Women, set up in 1966, Friedan was its first president: 1,000 chapters, 300,000 members by 1970: goals – child care facilities, education and job opportunities, maternity leave, right to abortion, Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), and enforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. • Other women organized “Consciousness Raising Groups”- more radical/militant than NOW, younger women got involved in anti-war protests and in the Civil Rights Movement.

  4. Successes (in 60s and later)? • 1. Ms Magazine – dealt with Women’s issues • 2. Equal Pay Act – Kennedy, 1963, equal pay for equal work: but some employers stopped hiring women after this Act. • 3. Affirmative Action – 1971 guidelines included women as well as other minorities. • 4. In the workplace more management positions, more professions opened up to women.

  5. 5. Roe vs Wade – 1973 – no restriction on abortion in the first trimester, states could decide in second and third, depending on threat to life of mom, or protecting the “viable fetus.” Food and Drug administration approved of the sale of the Birth Control Pill in 1960 – which led to a new feeling of sexual liberation • 6. Individuals; • Sandra Day O’Conner – first supreme court judge: • Geraldine Ferraro, 1981 – first vice presidential candidate, for Democrats, 1984 • Sally Ride – first woman astronaut in space in 1983.

  6. ERA- demanded that an amendment be added to guarantee that equal rights not be denied on account of sex. Passed the House and Senate in 1970 and 1972, but not enough states ratified • Phyllis Schlafly- opposed ERA: didn’t want to redefine traditional roles, and effect family – constitution was just fine • New Right- with election of Reagan in 1980, a New Right backlash, opposed the feminist movement – their demands would undermine traditional family values. Opposed ERA.

  7. 2. New Left/Students • Students for a Democratic Society - influenced by SNCC and Freedom Rides etc. - formed in 1961, at the University of Michigan:. Branches were set up on many campuses. • Port Huron Statement (their goals) – oppose the overbearing government, corporate power, bureaucracy – restore participatory democracy. demanded end to wars, racism, and social and economic reform.. • Became the backbone of the students new left

  8. Tom Hayden- Author of Port Huron statement • Participatory Democracy: principal demand of Port Huron statement.

  9. Berkeley Free Speech Movement/ Mario Savio: students objected/protested to the ban on political parties on campus. Picketed, sit ins, 1964. Criticized “the powerful but faceless business and governments institutions “ (like Port Huron Statement): the college conceded this right in 1965 • Students were at the center of the Anti-War Movement: SDS opposed Vietnam war and incursions into Cambodia: protests - burned draft cards, sit ins, teach ins (first in University of Michigan 1965, Colombia), draft evasion • Joined by Veterans, Peace Democrats; March in Washington D.C. – Moratorium on War

  10. Colombia University- occupied buildings on campus for a week –overpowered by police • Kent State- 4 killed, 11 wounded • Jackson State, Mississippi – 2 killed,11 wounded • Effect: students made great contribution to the anti war movement, helping to change public opinion; also contributed to success of Civil Rights Movement (freedom rides, integration of lunch counters / sit-ins).

  11. 3. Counterculture • Beatniks- inspired by Ginsberg and Kerouac, On the Road and Howl in the 50s • Hippies - generation gap, younger kids- white and middle class- wanted to do their own thing, especially to change their lifestyle. Tired of the Cold War, nuclear weapons, conformism of 50s and TV, etc. Abandoned traditional lifestyles and became the backbone of the counterculture. Left home, jobs, school, college, traditions, lived in new Hippie neighborhoods. Rejected convention.

  12. Haight Ashbury, San Francisco and Greenwich Village NY; centers/mecca of hippie culture • Timothy Leary; high priest/guru of hippie culture, fired Harvard University psychology professor, advocated use of the drug LSD (hallucinogenic/mind altering), then Marijuana – promoted it as mind expanding-, told young generation to “tune in, turn on, and drop out.” Sexual liberation.

  13. Eastern Mysticism: people dabbled in spiritualism, attracted by charismatic religious leaders such as Sun Moon/Unification church, Hare Krishna religion, Zen Buddhism (enlightenment through contemplation, meditation, rather than reading scripture) – sometimes people were indoctrinated and brainwashed by leaders who took advantage of them.

  14. Communes: an estimated 2,000 communes were formed in the 60s- groups went off to remote areas to escape from society – grew their own food, made their own clothes: most were dissolved by end of 60s. • Diet: Health food, yogurt, cereal, vegetarian diets were popular among hippies. • Fashion: Long hair, braids, beards, colorful clothing, worn out clothes with patches: surplus clothing: denim.

  15. Music: rock and roll of the 50s became the popular music of the 60s. Elvis: Beatles came to the US in 1963, set off “Beatlemania”: Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, their lyrics and unconventional rhythms captured the anger, unrest, frustration, and rebellious spirit of the 60s. Exposed the generation gap.

  16. The music of the 60s was celebrated at a festival at Woodstock, NY, in 1969. • Expected 120,000 but over 400,000 turned out. (The Who, Jefferson Airplane, Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Santana, Jimmy Hendrix – Joplin and Hendrix would later die from drug overdoses).

  17. “Cultural Diffusion”- mainstreaming of aspects of hippie culture: clothes, diet, music. • Most hippies had disappeared back into mainstream society by the early 70s. The murder of Sharon Tate by Charles Manson and members of his commune in CA in 1980 and a murder committed by The Hells Angels motorcycle gang at a Rolling Stones concert, also in CA, disillusioned many Hippies about the Counterculture.

  18. Pop Art • Andy Warhol: artist who used images of famous people, such as Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor, repeating them over and over again on their canvas. He also used common items such as household cleaning products, soup cans, etc. • Roy Lichtenstein: artist who used comic strips as his inspiration, also painting the words “blam” and “pow” all over his canvas, usually in bold red, black, and yellow.

  19. Pop Art contd.. • Claes Oldenburg: he reproduced common everyday objects such as a three way plug or a toilet bowl on a giant scale on his canvas. • In the “Happening” theatre, the scenes differed for every performance to arouse a different response from the audience. Each performance was intended to be unique. The audience was expected to participate.

  20. 4. Native American Indians • Policy of Termination in the 50s- Eisenhower government abandoned FDR, Colliers fair treatment, tried to terminate reservations – back to Dawes Act type policy • AIM: American Indian Movement demanded Civil Rights for Native Americans. Militant (followed example of Black Panthers). Encouraged racial and cultural pride among Native Americans. Demanded autonomy and self government, control of natural resources, restoration of land illegally taken from them

  21. Occupied Bureau of Indian Affairs: 1972, over 1,000 Sioux occupied these offices in Washington DC for 6 days, protesting the breaking of previous treaties. • Wounded Knee, South Dakota- site of massacre of massacre of 200 Sioux by US troops. In response to poverty on the reservations and murder of a Sioux, 75 AIM supporters seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee for 2 months in 1973. Demanded changes in how the reservation was governed. Besieged by federal troops, two Sioux had been killed, forced to surrender……..also occupied / seized island of Alcatraz…

  22. Gains • The Indian Education Act of 1972, gave parents and tribal councils more control over schools and school programs on reservation • The Indian Self Determination Act and the Education Assistance Act of 1975 upheld Native American autonomy and let local leaders administer federally supported social programs for housing and education. • Legal Successes: 1980s Supreme Court supported Indian claims to regain lands taken by federal government- much lost land was restored.

  23. 5. Hispanic Americans • Caesar Chavez: concerned with treatment of migrant farm workers who worked long hours at backbreaking work, for very low wages. • He formed the United Farm Workers (UFW): launched a prolonged strike and then a boycott in 1967 against CA’s grape and lettuce growers, demanding recognition of their union and an increase in salary. Supported by CORE, SNCC, Democratic Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy – very successful • La Raza Unida; a political party founded in Texas in 1970. It worked for better housing and jobs, and also backed Latino political candidates.

  24. 6. Gay Liberation • Stonewall Riots: Stonewall Inn, gay bar and nightclub, near Greenwich Village in NY. Subjected to police raids and beatings. In July 1969, the patrons fought back, the bar caught fire during their scuffles with policy, some policemen were almost trapped inside: fighting and rioting continued throughout the night. • Gay Liberation Front: the beginning of the Gay Liberation Movement, formed after the Stonewall Inn riots, encouraged gay people to “come out,” campaigned for the end to discrimination based on sexual preferences.

  25. Impact of TV? • Civil Rights • Vietnam • Values, Conformity, Consumerism of 50s • Welch and McCarthyism • Kennedy over Nixon • Divide into Soc, Ec, Political…

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