Name, event, date

1. Name, event, date Lew Fulton UNEP May 23, 2006

2. Road Map of Today’s Presentation • Urban Growth & Air Pollution Problems: (a) Urban populations and growth rates (b) Increase in vehicle numbers • The cost and impacts of poor urban air quality • Solutions for the Reduction of Vehicle Emissions: (a) Options (b) The PCFV: (i) Introduction & mission (ii) Partners (iii) Objectives (iv) Sub-Saharan Africa example

3. Urban Populations – by Region Urban populations in 2000, by region

4. Urbanisation by Region

5. Vehicle Growth: Uganda Example 186,000 34,000 26,000 1980 1990 1999

6. Urban Air Pollution a Key Issue • WHO estimates more than 1 billion people exposed to outdoor air exceeding maximum recommended levels • Up to 800 thousand premature deaths, up to 1 million pre-native deaths • Local and global effects (climate change) • Cost of urban air pollution estimated to be 2% of GDP, in developed countries and more than 5% in developing countries (e.g. 7% China, to rise to 13% by 2020)

7. Urban Air Pollution a Key Issue - Continued • In US almost half of urban residents exposed to harmful levels of ozone • In Nairobi, Kenya, lead levels are more than 25 times as high as WHO standards • In Shanghai, China, mobile sources are contributing between 70%-90% to air pollution such as CO, NOx, HC and particulates • GEF now recognises transport sector as key to CO2 emissions

8. Air Pollution: Health Effects Premature Deaths Cancer Developmental Effects Hospitalization Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis

9. Strategies to Reduce TransportationEmissions in Urban Areas • Environment and transport strategies: • Modal splits (subsidies & new modes) • City planning • Promoting non-motorised transport • Promoting public transport • Cleaner fuels and vehicles

10. Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) • Set up at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, August 2002 • To promote clean fuels and vehicles to address urban air quality • Public – private partnership • Clearing-House at UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya

11. PCFV Objectives • The elimination of lead in gasoline and the phase down of sulfur in diesel and gasoline fuels, concurrent with; • The adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies • website: www.unep.org/pcfv

12. Partners

13. Objective 1: Lead in Gasoline • Lead is added to gasoline to enhance octane • Lead has severe health effects • Blocks clean vehicles technologies, esp. introduction catalytic converters • Alternatives available • Lead phase out world wide • African continent, Middle East and Central Asia still using lead

14. Leaded Gasoline: Health & Environmental Effects (example Egypt) • Heart Attacks - 6,500 to 11,600 • Strokes - 800 to 1,400 • Premature Deaths (Adults) - 6,300 to 11,100 • Infant Deaths ~ 820 • Average IQ Loss in Children - 4.25 Points • Damage to cars (spark plugs, filters…) • Egypt went unleaded

15. Objective 2: Sulfur in Fuels • Sulfur levels in crude oil differ per region, and thus sulfur levels in fuels differ • Health effects and environment effects • Regulations differ between 10,000 ppm and less than 25 ppm • Need for lower sulfur levels for modern engines

16. Sulfur: Health & Environmental Effects • Sulfur: bronchitis, asthma • PM: Cardio-respiratory problems and some constituents of fine particulate matter, such as diesel smoke, are carcinogenic • Sulfur and particulate problems (visibility) • Damage to plants and buildings • Acid rain • Vehicle engine & component damage

17. Sulfur Pollution: Example of Environmental Effects Source: www.stillpictures.com

18. Objective 3: Clean Vehicles • Need to see fuels and vehicles as a system: certain vehicles need certain fuels and vise-versa • Need to look at fuel-vehicle combination per region • Vehicles - Options: • No or ultra low emission vehicles • Conventional vehicles • Retrofit vehicles

19. Clean Vehicles - continued • Vehicles - Options: • 1- No or ultra low emission • vehicles: hybrids & hydrogen • 2- Conventional vehicles • modern engines, catalytic • converters • 3- Retrofit vehicles • esp. diesel technology; • diesel traps (fuels needs?)

20. Activities of the Partnership

21. PCFV Activities • Information collection and dissemination • Substantive activities

22. Information: Website www.unep.org/pcfv

23. Information: Newsletter

24. Information: Regional Overviews

25. PCFV Substantive Activities • Global level • Working groups • Regional level • Regional action plans • Sub-regional • Sub-regional workshops • National level • Direct support

26. PCFV – Substantive Activities • Global Working Groups: • Valve Seat Recession (Publication Available) • Octane • Sulfur • Public Awareness • Vehicles (New)

27. Sulphur Activities • A new PCFV sulphur publication will soon be available • Working with specific Asian countries on sulphur issues though the Clearing House and Partners • Diesel bus retrofit projects in China and Thailand • Awareness workshops on fuel sulphur issues

28. Progress in Sub Saharan: Africa September 2001 Unleaded Dual system

29. Africa January 2006 Unleaded Dual system

30. Situation in Asia

31. Thank You! www.unep.org/PCFV