Inter-American Network of Academies of Science Energy Policy meeting

1. Bogota, Colombia 9th -10th June 2011 Inter-American Network of Academies of ScienceEnergy Policy meeting Energy policies (and problems) in Jamaica: update June 2011 Professor Anthony Clayton University of the West Indies

2. Part 1: new reasons for concern

3. Spikes not driven by fundamentals, but by politics

4. 65%

5. The 21 Arabic-speaking nations/territories: May 2011 Revolution War Insurrection Secession Repression Protests 18/21 affected

6. Part 2: Recap of the situation in Jamaica

7. Energy (in)efficiency • Jamaica’s energy intensity index (EII) has increased for ~2 decades. Despite high oil prices, energy consumption grows faster than the economy. • Jamaica uses >21,000 BTU to produce US$1.00 of output; global average is 4,600 BTU. • Jamaica consumes ~60,000 barrels of oil/day, imported 22.1 million barrels in 2009. • In 2009 87% of Jamaica’s foreign exchange income was used to buy imported oil.

8. Energy mix in Jamaica (2009) • Imported oil: ~91%. • Renewable: ~9%.

9. Jamaica: energy policy timetable By importing LNG Still more than world average in 2010

10. In summary…. • Standards of energy efficiency in Jamaica are extremely low. • Jamaica is heavily dependent on imported oil, a finite resource that is likely to be increasingly expensive in future; consumption also has significant environmental costs. • Jamaica has a serious balance of payments problem; much of which stems from (2).

11. (in principle) Energy policy goals • Import LNG to diversify energy sources and reduce dependence on oil. • Reduce energy intensity of economy by increasing efficiency of energy production and consumption. • Reduce barriers to uptake of energy conservation and efficiency technologies. Energy policy goals (in practice) Import LNG.

12. Part 3: Update

13. 2010: LNG project removed from Ministry of Mining and Energy November 2010: James Robertson, Minister of Mining and Energy, accused of soliciting murder May 2011: USA withdraws visa from James Robertson, UK and Canada reported to be considering similar action May 2011: James Robertson resigns as Minister May 2011: Contractor-General reports LNG project was corrupt

14. LNG project now to be renegotiated • Growing doubts about costs and benefits • Lobbies for coal, possibly nuclear • Most likely outcome? • Business as usual: continued dependence on oil. Consequences

15. Part 4: the good news….

16. Zero net energy buildings It is now possible to construct buildings with zero net energy demand; produce same amount of energy they consume. Does not mean self-sufficient; buildings buy energy from grid when loads exceed generating capacity, sell energy to grid when loads are low. If all buildings were ZNE would displace ~25% global energy demand. March 2008: UK Government set target: all new schools and domestic buildings zero-carbon by 2016all non-domestic buildings by 2019. April 2009: European Parliament amended Energy Performance of Buildings Directive to require that by 2019 all new buildings must be net zero energy

17. Net Zero Energy Building (NET ZEB) ZEB IN MALAYSIA

18. The University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science building Opened October 2009

19. The University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science building • Natural ventilation and shading reduce cooling load • High windows and skylights provide natural lighting • PV cells produce electricity • Small façade reduces heating load

20. The University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science interior

21. ZNE/EP prototype building in Jamaica UWI research project will construct a ZNE/EP building as pilot project Final stage of negotiating funding Extensive buy-in from major stakeholders (utilities, professions, financial institutions)

22. Thank you !