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1 min.

1 min. Steps to Creating A Research Question (Hypothesis):. Brainstorm possible risk factors & protective factors Choose one (or a few) ‘factors’ to analyze Predict the type of relationship between factor(s ) & outcome Write your research question. 2 min.

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1 min.

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  1. 1 min.

  2. Steps to Creating A Research Question (Hypothesis): • Brainstorm possible risk factors & protective factors • Choose one (or a few) ‘factors’ to analyze • Predict the type of relationship between factor(s) & outcome • Write your research question 2 min

  3. Step 1: Brainstorm possible risk factors and protective factors Does _____________ cause _____________? (Risk Factor) (Outcome) 1 min

  4. Does _____________ cause _____________? (………Factor) (Outcome) can be: • Harmful or Beneficial: • Harmful: Risk Factor • Beneficial: Protective Factor • Any Types: • Environmental conditions • Behaviors • Personal characteristics • Medical conditions 2 min

  5. 3 min.

  6. Practice! 5 min.

  7. Step 2: Choose one (or a few) ‘factors to analyze’ Does _____________ cause _____________? How does an epidemiologist choose factors to study? How would they know which ones are most important? (Risk Factor) (Outcome) 1 min

  8. Strategies for Narrowing Your Focus • Use your resources! • Read/watch/listen to the media • Research (journal articles) to find out what’s been studied already • Talk to experts in the field • Take a small poll/survey • Think prevention! • Often (not always) we choose from the Pre-event (top) or middle (During-event) row of the matrix! • Figure out what level of the ecological model you think is most influential

  9. Five Criteria for Cause-Effect RelationshipExample:Does lightning cause thunder? In general, five criteria must be met to establish a cause-and-effect relationship: • Strength of association—the relationship must be clear • Does it make sense? • Does lightning create thunder? • Consistency—observation of the association must be repeatable in different populations at different times. • Does it apply to everyone? • Does lightning always create thunder in every storm? • Temporality—the cause must precede the effect. • Does it happen prior to the effect? • Does lightning always come before thunder? • Plausibility—the explanation must make sense biologically. • Can you explain HOW it causes the effect? • How does lightning create thunder? • Biological gradient—there must be a dose-response relationship. • If you increase the cause, does the effect change in response? • Does more/brighter lightning create louder thunder? 2 min

  10. Step 3: Predict the type of relationship between factor and outcome Does _____________ cause _____________? (Risk Factor) (Outcome) Can anyone think of a problem with the way this question is structured? Example: Does burning candles cause fire-related injury? 1 min

  11. What about this question: Does watching violent television cause people to commit violent crimes? As you read the article: “A Study Finds More Links Between TV and Violence” focus on the underlined phrases. What did you notice? 5 min.

  12. Direct cause, Association, Correlation, Oh My! • Direct Cause • Cause always creates effect • Effect can’t happen without cause • Association (some relationship) • when 2 or more things are mutually related • when “things turn up together” • Example: Correlation (linear relationship) • a more specific type of association • Ex: Does eating fast food cause heart attacks? 2 min.

  13. What might cause aggressive acts and be associated with watching TV? 1 min.

  14. How do you think “living in a violent neighborhood” fits here? 1 min.

  15. Step 4: Write your research question Does _____________ cause _____________? (Risk Factor) (Outcome) How can you use this skeleton model to form a question that uses more appropriate language to describe the relationship? 1 min

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