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Introducing Artificial Intelligence

Introducing Artificial Intelligence. Gopinath Ganapathy. What is AI? - AI attempts to understand Intelligence to build agents that act to make computers smarter in an environment.

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Introducing Artificial Intelligence

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  1. Introducing Artificial Intelligence Gopinath Ganapathy

  2. What is AI? - AI attempts to understand Intelligence to build agents that act to make computers smarter in an environment.

  3. The automation activities associated with human thinking such as decision making, learning, problem solving - Bellarman ’78 • The study of mental faculties thru the computational models McDermott – 85 • The study of how to make computers do things when humans are better at the moment (Rich-Crught-1991) • The branch of C.S. that is concerned with the automation intelligent behaviour of machine (Luger – 93) • In general it is a branch of C.S. that help machine find solution to a complex problem in a human like fashion.

  4. Earlier 4 categories of A.I. • Act humanly • Think humanly • Act rationally • Think rationally

  5. Act humanly • Turning Test 1950 • Can machines think? • Sort of game by which they believe by 2000 30% of machines will be intelligent (Robots – eg.)

  6. Think humanly (cognitive science) • To focus on scientific theories of activities of brain • Predicting behavior of human • Processing information based psychology

  7. Thinking rationally (Logic) • How to argue correctly? • What is the thought process? • Building logic/notation through derivation of thoughts • Greek scholors (Aristotle)

  8. Acting Rationally (Agent) • Doing right thing in a given time • Agent is the one that acts • It is a function from perception to action • f: P -> A

  9. Foundations of AI • AI is built on : • -- Philosophy • Maths & control theory • Economics • Psychology • Computer Science • Linguistics • Cognitive science

  10. AI & Maths • Philosophical ideas to formalizations • In areas: computation, logic, probability • Algorithm (aka computation) – by al-Kowarazmi • Logic (Socretes, G.Boole – introduced formal language for logic • G.Frege (1925) extended to First Order logic • David Gilbert and Kurt Godel • Turing & Church Thesis : Computing any computable problem and cannot compute some specific functions • Dantzig – Reduction • Laplace, Blaise Pascal, J Bernoulli : Probability in Game theory.

  11. Branches of AI • NLP – (Grammars) • Robotics • ANN • IP • Fuzzy logic • Auto programming • K.E. • M.T, CBT • Pattern Recognition/Voice Recognition

  12. Components of AI • heuristics – (TSM, chess) • Inference – Prediction • Search (backward / forward) • Logic (Propositional) • Reasoning • Decision • Plans, Trees

  13. Applications : (State of the art) • Intelligent Games (e.g. Table Tennis) • Automated car (driving in a city) • Prove the theorem • AGOPI • Write a story • Specialized legal advisor • Translator spoken Chinese to English real time • Mobile secretary -weather forecast • Spam detection by m/c learning • Outbound email security (enterprise compliance)

  14. Agents • Sensors (perception) • Effectors (action) • Human Vs Machine • Rational – to do right thing • Success of Agent = Performance Measure • Unhappy (sour grapes) • Agents – designed to maximize the performance • Designed to be autonomous (behavior to be determined by self experience. • Agent = architecture + program

  15. Logic • First Order Logic • Valid for any data (non-fact data) also in building relationships. • One plus two equals three. • One plus one equals one. • Both can be formalized by objects(1,2), relations (=), Functions(+) • Propositional Logic • Only valid data that are facts; Simple • Either true or false type facts • Connectives: Conjunct, disjunction, negation (no operations like FOL)

  16. How AI SW apps differ from others? • Should work in imprecise & incomplete info • Apps that are subject to perception, reasoning & learning • Apps with heuristic processing • heuristics Vs Algorithmic

  17. Reference Used & Tools • AAAI – American Association of AI • Dept. Info Science, University of Birmingham, UK • Dept. Computer Science, Stanford Univ, CA. • Perl, Prolog, LISP, Ada • RUSSEL and Norvig, ‘AI Modern approach’ , LPE 2004

  18. Q&A • Discussions

  19. Contact: Mail: gopinathg@assureeservivces.com Fone : 98424 – 07008 (India) Firm: Assure e-Services Inc, Chennai.

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