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ANIMALS IN RESEARCH

ANIMALS IN RESEARCH. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHzdsFiBbFc. SPECIFICATION – pg. 48. 2. Methodology/ How Science Works a) Describe and evaluate the use of animals in laboratory studies when researching into drugs.

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ANIMALS IN RESEARCH

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  1. ANIMALS IN RESEARCH

  2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHzdsFiBbFc

  3. SPECIFICATION – pg. 48 • 2. Methodology/ How Science Works a) Describe and evaluate the use of animals in laboratory studies when researching into drugs. b) Describe and evaluate two research methods using humans to study the effects of drugs. c) Evaluate, including relative strengths and weaknesses, research methods using animals (including both practical and ethical strengths and weaknesses) and humans (including issues of reliability and validity).

  4. What is animal testing? • It refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. • It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics • Can be used in understanding how the human body works

  5. Types • Product testing • soaps, cosmetics etc to see if they are safe for human use. • Research • Testing of drugs and medical procedures • Education/Training - Teach anatomy and train medical students

  6. Laboratory Experiments • Controlled setting • Manipulate something (IV) • Animal laboratory experiments can be used to show a cause and effect relationship between the drug administered and the behaviour resulting

  7. Starter 8 rodents birds 5 • What do you think should go in the blanks? • According to the American Psychological Association, ___% of all psychological research involves the use of animals. • 90% of research involving animals uses ________ and _____. • __ % of animals used are primates.

  8. Rodents • Mice and rats are the most common animal used in testing • This is because of: • Breeding – breed very quickly so inheritance can be investigated much quicker than in humans • Similarity – the arrangement of genes along their chromosome is similar enough to humans to be meaningful

  9. Rodents • Rats have been used to study Parkinson’s disease - Researchers use drugs to replicate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, then use gene therapy to reverse these symptoms

  10. Studying functions of the brain • As far back as 1950, Lashley was investigating brain function in rats by using ablation (removing part of the brain). • He systematically removed parts of the rat’s brain to see what affect it had on memory.

  11. Drug Research • Using animals, researchers can look at the effects of drugs on brain and body • Can also help in finding cures and treating diseases

  12. Nagaraja & Jeganathan (2003)‏ Effects of acute and chronic conditions of overcrowding on free choice ethanol intake in rats

  13. Aim:To examine the effects of overcrowding on ethanol intake in rats Method:A lab experiment with independent measures and two conditions

  14. Participants:Groups of male albino rats

  15. Conditions: Acute Stressed - Overcrowded for 6 hours a day for a week Chronic stressed - Overcrowded continuously for a week

  16. Both conditions had access to ethanol as well as other liquids

  17. The intake for each group was measured

  18. Results: Chronic stressed group showed increase in ethanol intake and ethanol preference over other liquids.

  19. Conclusions… • Intense stress can lead to voluntary alcohol intake • A short-lasting stressor may not increase alcohol intake

  20. Olds and Milner (1954) • http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20670/ • 6 minutes in

  21. Olds and Milner (1954) • Electrodes attached to brain • Rats used lever to self administer stimulation to reward pathway • Up to 100 times a minute! • Ignored food, water, and other rats – only wanted to feel this pleasure

  22. Applications • Applied to “addiction” in drug abusers • Drugs like heroin activate same reward circuit • Can explain why addicts will do anything to have the drug and will let other aspects of life become inconsequential

  23. So, is animal research necessary? • Insulin was first tested on dogs and fish and is now used to treat diabetes in humans • So animal research has HELPED treat illnesses in humans and in some cases SAVED lives

  24. BUT… • Surely there are alternatives? • Tissue cultures • Donated parts • Computer based and mathematical models • Human volunteers

  25. Evaluation – Put the following statements into the correct box The brains of animals are not the same as humans: results may not be generalisable Relatively small and easy to handle Some animals have very short gestation periods and short reproductive cycles Their genetic structure is not the same as humans: results may not be generalisable Pro-speciesism suggests that we ought to do all we can to protect our own species Animals in experiments are not in their natural surroundings, and therefore distressing conditions

  26. Evaluation – Put the following statements into the correct box Some animals (mice etc) have a similar brain structure to humans Some animals (mice, rats etc) have a short lifespan (2 years) Drugs have been developed that could otherwise not have been developed. Some diseases (Parkinson's) have to be replicated in animals using drugs, and so may not be the same as the disease itself. Therefore, studies might lack validity Human lives are complex and factors rarely occur in isolation Some procedures have to be carried out daily Animals should be treated ethically . They are not sufficiently different from humans to be treated as objects

  27. Evaluation – Put the following statements into the correct box The knowledge obtained may also improve the lives of the species being tested on. Some procedures require strict control over the environment Using animals may not be credible Some procedures require accessing specific parts of the brain that might then be damaged. Procedures can be carried out on humans that can not be done on animals. E.g. ablation and leisoning Many animals feel pain

  28. Inside Information! • Animals are treated really well, have handlers, toys etc.. • Beagles and mini-pigs – similar systems/metabolism to humans • Rats – see if drug reaches right place - can’t throw up – so need to test on dogs/pigs to see what effects drugs will have • Have to keep increasing dose until animal dies – then know what the max. dosage is • There isn’t really a choice but to do these on animals – have to know how it will effect the system and whether it reaches the right places – too unethical for humans • Will “terminate” animals so can see the effect on internal organs • CANCER CURE – Inject rats with tumour, see effect of drug

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