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Industrialization

Industrialization. 1865-1920. The U.S. Industrializes. Industrial Revolution began in the U.S. in the early 1800’s At the beginning of the Civil War, the nation was still largely agrarian 1.3 out of 30 million worked in industry. At the end of the Civil War, industry rapidly expanded

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Industrialization

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  1. Industrialization 1865-1920

  2. The U.S. Industrializes • Industrial Revolution began in the U.S. in the early 1800’s • At the beginning of the Civil War, the nation was still largely agrarian • 1.3 out of 30 million worked in industry

  3. At the end of the Civil War, industry rapidly expanded • Millions left the farm to work in mines and factories

  4. By the 1900’s the U.S. was the world’s leading industrial nation • By 1914 the GNP was 8 times greater than pre-Civil War

  5. 1) Natural Resources • Abundance of raw materials was a necessity for industrial success • Water, timber, oil, coal, iron, copper • Companies didn’t have to import the resources

  6. Transcontinental railroad brought resources from western settlements to eastern factories

  7. Petroleum • Could be converted into kerosene (lamps and stoves) • By 1900’s, oil fields had been opened from Penn to Texas

  8. 2) Workforce • Between 1860 and 1910 U.S. population tripled, providing a large workforce • Why? • PUSH/PULL factor: 1870-1910: 20 million immigrants arrived

  9. 3) Free Enterprise How the government encouraged business to flourish… • Laissez-faire- French phrase meaning “let people do as they choose” (hands-off) • Supply/demand instead of government regulation • Low taxes created a profit motive • Attracted people of high ability and ambition into business. • Entrepreneurs- People who risk their money in business

  10. 4) New Inventions (Innovation) • Important inventions increased the nation’s productive capacity • Transportation and communication

  11. Alexander Graham Bell • 1876 Bell “invented” the telephone • Really Antonio Meucci • Revolutionized business and personal communication

  12. Thomas Edison • Invented the phonograph, battery, motion picture • Also stole other peoples’ ideas • Companies merged in 1889 to form the Edison General Electric Company- now GE

  13. Power driven sewing machine • Mass production of shoes • Cyrus Field laid telegraph cable across Atlantic Ocean • Impact of Technology (other significant inventions) • Thaddeus Lowe- Ice Machine • Gustavus Swift- refrigerated railroad car 1870’s

  14. Railroads • 1865- 35,000 miles of track • 1900- 200,000 miles of track • Pacific Railway Act- • 1862 signed by Lincoln • Construction of a transcontinental RR by two corporations(Union Pacific & Central Pacific)

  15. Land Grant System • Land grantsgiven to many railroad companies to encourage RR. • RR companies would then sell the land to settlers

  16. Robber Barons • What is a robber baron? • Where did railroad barons get their wealth? • Swindling investors and taxpayers • Bribing gov. officials • Cheating on their contracts and debts

  17. Jay Gould- • Practiced “insider trading” • He used information he received as a railroad owner to manipulate stock prices for his benefit • James J. Hill • Entrepreneur who was not a robber baron • He built and operated the Great Northern Railroad from MN to WA. • Used no federal grants or subsidies

  18. 14. 3 Big Business Businesses: Pre- Civil War vs. Early 1900s What changed?

  19. Role of Corporations • Corporation • an organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a single person • Can own property, pay taxes, make contracts, sue and be sued • Owned by stockholders

  20. Stockholder: they own shares of ownership called stock • Before 1830s, entrepreneurs had to acquire a charter from the state • After, states began passing general incorporation laws (allowing companies to issue stock)

  21. With the money raised from stock sales, corporations could : • invest in new technology • hire a large workforce • purchase machinery (+ efficiency) • Economies of sale • When corporations make goods more cheaply because they produce so much so quickly using large manufacturing facilities • What happens to ‘mom and pop’ stores? • Fixed costs vs. Operating costs

  22. Andrew Carnegie • Born in Scotland • Immigrated in 1848 • Rags to Riches story • Vertical integration- • Horizontal integration- Andrew Carnegie, know for Carnegie Steel Company

  23. Monopoly- when a single company achieves control of an entire market

  24. Trusts In 1882 Standard Oil formed the first trust- • a new way of merging business that did not violate the laws against owing other companies http://www.library.gsu.edu/spcoll/spcollimages/labor/19clabor/Labor%20Prints/79-40_21.jpg

  25. 14.4 UNIONS The Assembly Line

  26. Life of a Worker • Life for industrial workers was difficult: • Assembly line= BORING! • Health issues • Rise in the standard of living • Deflation- - companies want to pay less $$, workers organize in union

  27. TYPES OF UNIONS • Differences between trade workers and common laborers: TradeCommon • 1830s: craft workers began to form trade unions • For workers with specific skills • Trade unions are different from industrial unions • Industrial unions:

  28. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor • boycotts • sympathy demonstrations andpicketing • closed shops • organized strikes • lockout • blacklisting • open shop

  29. MARXIST Theory • Karl Marx and his ideas on capitalism • Class struggle between workers & owners • Revolt by workers will overthrow government • New government will redistribute property evenly • Some extreme ideas included anarchism

  30. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877: • - wages were cut, 80,000 workers walk off job! • - 100 people dead, millions in property damage

  31. Goals of the Knights of Labor 8 hr workday. No child and labor. = pay for men and women. Safety codes. No contract foreign labor. Support arbitration Injury to one is the concern of us all!!

  32. Anarchists: Haymarket Riot (1886) Union leaders called for a nationwide for 8 hour work day Police entered the square, someone threw a bomb

  33. The Pullman Strike • American Railway Union led by Eugene Debs was formed against Pullman Palace Car Company. • Workers needed to live in the town of Pullman and buy goods from the company store • Pullman slashed wages • President Grover Cleveland issues injunction

  34. American Federation of Labor (AFL) “plain and simple” union Wants higher wages/better conditions Mediated disputes between management and labor rather than strike. Pushed for closed shops. Samuel Gompers

  35. Labor Union Membership

  36. WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE -More women after CW -Paid less $ -Excluded from joining unions except: 1/3: domestic servants 1/3: teacher, nurses, secretaries 1/3: industrial workers

  37. Right-to-Work States Today

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