After the Battle of Granicus

1. After the Battle of Granicus What happened

2. Alexander had shown superior tactics • He showed many attributes of a good army leader during this battle • These were: (list what good qualities as a commander he showed before and during the battle) • The Persians were beaten and many fled • After the battle, Alexander did something unusual. • He disbanded his fleet (his navy/boats). The reasons Arrian gives for this are: - He had no money - His fleet were too weak to fight the Persians - He was in control of all the ports in Asia Minor and thought he could keep the Persian fleet out.

3. Disbanding the fleet Alexander took a considerable gamble by sending his fleet away, which was a decision that could have backfired. But he was very lucky. He knew his strength lay in his army and that he was weak in ships. Where as the Persians had a very strong naval fleet and a weak ______. He couldn’t beat the Persians at sea so he wanted to fight them on __________, this would be done by preventing the Persian fleet from ever being able to dock anywhere for supplies. He could do this by capturing all the ports in the east Mediterranean. • p. 46, Paul Artus book. Read the information under the heading ‘Miletus’ and ‘Disbanding the fleet’ • Take notes on key info from this page

4. Homework, very important to complete. • Answer questions on ‘The Greek Mercenaries Issue’. p.36 • Read and highlight ‘The Gordian Knot’ p. 38 & 39 • Answer questions on ‘The Gordium knot’ p. 40 • Answer questions on ‘The battle of Granicus’ p. 41 & 42 • Read and Highlight ‘Ionian cities of Asia Minor’ p. 43 • Answer questions on ‘Disbanding the fleet’ p. 44

5. Halicarnassus • Read & highlight p. 45 (in your workbooks) about ‘Alexander in Caria: Halicarnassas, Autumn 334BC’ • Answer questions on ‘ Halicarnassus’ (Hamilton worksheet) p. 46

6. Order of events so far…. • Arrived in Asia M____ • Visits T___ • Battle at Granicus R_____ • Battles at Miletus (Athenian fleet block entrance to harbour, preventing Persian fleet from entering. This makes the city fall to Alexander’s control. Greek mercenaries who lve in Miletus escape to a near island, Alexander employs them instead of punishing them.) • Alexander disbands his f____ 334 BC

7. 6) Battle at Halicarnassus (Memnon & mercenaries surrounded Halicarnassus with a moat. Alexander filled the moat & broke through the walls. Memnon fled to a near island. Orontopates escaped to harbour. Alexander retreated & left an army behind who eventually won 3 years later. This battle proves that disbanding the fleet was a m_________. Because the Persian fleet controlled the sea now) • Alexander sends recently married troops back home to Macedonia for a break. Arrian: “No act of Alexander’s ever made him better loved by his Macdonians” 8) Alexander rebuilds the fleet 9) Gordium knot (propaganda) 10) Alexander gets sick at Tarsus 11) Battle of Issus 333 BC

8. Hmmm… • What did the events at Miletus and Halicarnassus show us about Alexander? = His military skill and that he does make mistakes, and the lengths to which he was prepared to go to maintain control

9. The battle of Issus. The facts: Date: November 333 BC • Alexander was at Mallus when he heard Darius III was camped east of the Syrian gates. • Alexander was excited to finally get to fight him & travelled non stop to get there. • Darius had actually by-passed Alexander and was encamped at Issus • At Issus, Darius discovered Alexander’s sick and wounded troops and killed them (what are they sick and wounded from?) • Darius then moved south to fight Alexander • Alexander realised his mistake and turned back with great speed to meet Darius. He camped at the Pillars of Jonah.

10. Darius’ army outnumbered Alexanders….. 5 to 1. [ note: darius travelled with his family & wives of officers] The two armies met: On the narrow coastal plain near Issus * Sea on one side * Mountains on the other side * River Pinarus between them This location suited Alexander’s smaller/bigger (you choose the right one) army And there was not enough room for Darius’ big Army to arrange their cavalry.

11. So…the mistake Alexander had initailly made, became an advantage. Alexander arranged his army thus: • Allied greek cavalry on the left (sea) side under Parmenios’ command • The phalanx in the centre • Macedonian cavalry on the right (mountain side) under A_________’s command • Archers and light infantry at an angle to counter the Persian’s on mountain side. Diagram it….

12. Darius’ army Arranged his army like this: • Solid wall of defenders in front line. • Mountain side = heavy infantry • Sea side = cavalry under Nabarzane’s command • Greek mercenaries (hoplites = foot soldiers) in centre • Rest of troops + Darius = centre back, no room for them anywhere else

13. The Persian’s plan • They were up on the north bank of the river Pinarus so Alexander had to cross to attack (just like at the battle __________). But this time there were no muddy river banks. They wanted to use their cavalry t to get around behind the Macedonians on the sea side. • To block this, Alexander put the Thessalian cavalry on his left (the sea side) strengthened by archers and javelin throwers. • He ordered Parmenio (in command of the left, as always) not under any circumstances to leave any gap between his troops and the sea for the enemy to get through. He didn’t see any threat coming from the Persians on the mountain side. Alexander’s plan

14. The battle of Issus homework • Your task for this battle, is to write a detailed account of what happened using the following resources: • Paul Artus book, p.47 - 48 • Your workbooks, p.47, also take note of the diagrams • Study materials ‘The battle of Issus’ p.42 • You will be attempting to answer this previous exam question: At the end of 333BC Alexander defeated the Persian King, Darius III at the battle of Issus in the South of Turkey. Discuss: - The events leading up to the battle - The tactics used by each of the commanders in this battle

15. Tips for the layout/structure to a good answer. • List the events that have happened prior to the battle – his father’s death, the battle at granicus, halicarnassus, miletus, disbanding the fleet. List what achievements he had and what mistakes he had made. • Describe Alexander’s eagerness to fight King Darius III • Describe the situation in Darius III’s camp • Describe where the two met to fight • List the layout of the armies (what was positioned where) • Describe Alexander’s attack

16. Tips for the layout/structure to a good answer continued. • Describe Darius III’s action in battle • Describe how Darius was defeated • List the ways in which Alexander was successful in battle • Describe how Darius’ troops would be feeling after this • Outline what Alexander did after the battle to show he was now ruler of Persia • List what Alexander and his troops now had on their side • Discuss whether Alexander deserved the win at this battle

17. End 