The New INDUSTRIAL AGE

1. 1860 - 1900 The New INDUSTRIAL AGE

2. “The Expansion of Industry” Edwin L. Drake Bessemer Process Thomas Alva Edison Alexander Graham Bell Christopher Sholes “The Age of Railroads” Transcontinental Railroad Central Pacific – Union Pacific George Pullman Credit Mobilier Scandal Granger Laws (Munn v. Illinois) Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 “Big Business & Labor” Andrew Carnegie Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration Social Darwinism John D. Rockefeller Robber Barons Standard Oil Sherman Anti-Trust Act Working Conditions-Unions American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers Industrial Unionism Eugene Debs Socialism / Communism Haymarket Affair Homestead Strike Pullman Strike Mother Jones (Miners) Pauline Newman garment workers Immigration, Urbanization of the Politics of the “GILDED AGE” Immigration Ellis Island Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act (others) Urbanization Great Migration North Urban Problems Water, sanitation, disease, etc… Row Houses, Dumbbell Tenements Social Gospel Movement Settlement Houses (Hull) Ethnic Neighborhoods Political Machines Boss Tweed (Tammany Hall) Thomas Nach Pendleton Civil Service Act the NewIndustrial Age

4. Ch.13 “Looking to the West”

5. “Looking to the West” Ch. 13 - pg. 408 "Changes on the Western Frontier"

6. 1860 - 1900 The Western Migration

7. Cultures Clash-Plains Culture -Government policy changes -Fort Laramie Treaty Indian Wars-Chivington Massacre -Sioux Wars (Dakotas) -Chief Joseph -Little Big Horn -Massacre at Wounded Knee -Dawes Act -Buffalo West Opens-Oklahoma Land Race (Boomer-Sooner) -Prairie Lifestyle -Barbed Wire / -Windmills Steel Plow -Reaper Machine -Gold Rush mining -Vaqueros -Texas Longhorns Western Myths-Buffalo Soldiers/ Gun fights -Nat Love / Calamity Jane -Buffalo Bill Cody -Wyatt Earp / Billy the Kid Moving West-1862 Homestead Act -Morrill Land Grant Act -Exodusters -Bonanza Farms POLITICAL CHANGES Farmers v. Railroads GRANGE Movement Interstate Commerce Act POPULIST Movement Farmers & Labor Union 1)Graduated Income Tax 2)Cheap (Silver) Currency Inflationary Monetary Policy 3)Gov’t Ownership of RR’s William Jennings Bryant Populist Take Over the DEMOCRATIC PARTY

8. After the SPANISH brought horses to New Mexico in 1598, the Native American way of life began to change. By the mid 1700’s, almost all of the tribes on the GREAT PLAINShad left their farms to roam the plains and hunt BUFFALO. Their increased mobility led to Tribal WARS when hunters trespassed on other tribe’s HUNTING GROUNDS. They believed that POWERFUL SPIRITS controlled all events in the natural world and is the basis of their culture and beliefs (ANIMISM)

9. The coming of the railroad to the Great Plains drastically changed the lives of the Plains tribes. The Plains tribes had lived by HUNTING BUFFALO which provided them everything they needed to live including FOOD, CLOTHING and SHELTER. Railroads could not Exist Along Side Buffalo because the buffalo herds BLOCKED the tracks. Railroad companies Slaughtered the Buffalo which meant the Plains tribes had no way to live(in 50 years, buffalo population went from 15 million to 600. The government began to move tribes onto government reservations where they could receive food, clothing and shelter from the U.S. government.

10. This was a part of a government plan of ASSIMILATION where the Plains tribes would relearn to Farm the Land. However, warriors resisted farming, which was considered WOMEN’S WORK , and the reservation land was Difficult to Farm and government agents responsible for distributing supplies were corrupt and greedy, which led to the supplies often being sold on the black market and the agents keeping the money.

11. Clashes on the Bozeman Trail led to the FORT LARAMIE Treaty, in which the SIOUX tribes agreed to live on a reservation along the MISSOURI River. SITTING BULL or Tatanka Yatanka, leader of the HUNKPAPA SIOUX never signed the treaty. Eventually some tribes chose to leave the reservation and return to the Plains to Hunt Buffalo. This produced a series of BATTLES between NATION AMERICAN TRIBES and the U.S. ARMY (BUFFALO SOLDIERS).

13. Sand Creek Massacre - in November, 1864 where Colonel John Chivington attacked a sleeping Native American village and killed about 200 people – mostly women and children. He was treated as a hero after this incident Battle of Little Big Horn - in June, 1876 where General George Armstrong Custer and all of his men were killed by a coalition of tribes led by Crazy Horse,Galland Sitting Bull who will wipe out Custer’s 7th Cavalry in an hour.

14. Trouble became worse when GOLD was discovered in the BLACK HILLS (Colorado) This area was considered SACRED LAND to the Native Americans and a treaty had promised that settlers wouldnot enter the area. Miners ignored the treaty and flooded into the area. This led directly to the incident involving Gen. Custer. By 1887, the U.S. government wanted to make ASSIMILATION the official government policy toward Native Americans. By this policy, Native Americans were expected to give up their nomadic culture, their warrior way of life, and be absorbed into modern culture.

15. To achieve this goal, Congress passed the Dawes Act. This law was designed to ‘Americanize’ the tribes by encouraging them to own and farm the land (which they did not believe in). Terms of the Dawes Act: 1-broke up reservation land (160 acres for farming or 320 for grazing) 2-gave land to each adult head of a family 3-government sold the rest of the reservation land to white settlers

16. Dawes Act (1887) · The Dawes Act encouraged Native Americans to become farmers and citizens. · Native American land would be divided up among individual families. * This went against the culture of the Plains Indians and opened up the Indian Territory for American settlement.

17. the Ghost Dance • The intermittent war between the United States and the Plains Indians that stretched across some three decades after the Civil War came to an end on December 29, 1890, at the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. • The events leading up to its final act -- the Wounded Knee Massacre -- had been building since the late 1880s, when the son of a Paiute shaman named Wovoka had first introduced a series of new beliefs and practices to the Indian reservations of the West. • He said that a new messiah was coming and that he would bring the ghosts of the Indian dead to join the living in a great war.

18. Wovoka's movement envisioned the coming of a new world populated solely by Indians living on the Great Plains where buffalo were again plentiful. Generations of Indians slain in combat would be reborn into this new world. • Wovoka had created a ceremony called the Ghost Dance to invoke the spirits of the dead and facilitate their resurrection. • The Sioux apostles of the Ghost Dance purportedly preached that it would bring about a day of deliverance -- a day when they were strong enough again to wage all-out war against the whites. • They had fashioned “Ghost Shirts," which they claimed white bullets could not penetrate. • The “Ghost Dance” was outlawed by the bureau of Indian Affairs, for fear it would unite the Native Americans once more. 

19. Pine Ridge Reservation agent, Daniel F. Royer, telegraphed Washington in November 1890. "Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy,""We need protection and we need it now. The leaders should be arrested and confined at some military post until the matter is quieted, and this should be done at once.“ • The Indian Bureau in Washington quickly branded the Ghost Dancers "fomenters of disturbances" and ordered the Army to arrest them. • A former Indian agent, Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, advised Washington to call off the troops:"I should let the dance continue. The coming of the troops has frightened the Indians. If the Seventh-Day Adventists prepare their ascension robes for the second coming of the savior, the United States Army is not put in motion to prevent them. Why should the Indians not have the same privilege? If the troops remain, trouble is sure to come."

20. Some Native Americans resisted by joining the Ghost Dance movement. This religious movement promised a return to the traditional way of life. The movement spread quickly among the tribes and the government came to be afraid of the Ghost Dance movement. In 1890, members of the U.S. Army slaughtered about 300 mostly unarmed Native Americans at an incident called BATTLE of WOUNDED KNEE. This incident marked the END of Native American resistance in the West.

21. Chief Joseph · The Nez Percés tribe was ordered onto a reservation in Idaho. · Chief Joseph refused and fled with his tribe.

22. · Soldiers caught up to the tribe and forced them to surrender. “It is cold, and we have not blankets. The children are freezing to death…"Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." - Chief Joseph · Chief Joseph became known for his eloquent quotations on the plight of the Native Americans.

24. Driving Cattle to Market · After the Civil War, growing cities in the East increased their demand for beef. · Texas ranchers began to drive herds of longhorns hundreds of miles north to the railroads, where they were shipped east.

25. The Cowhand’s Life Cowhand – responsible for driving the cattle north to the railroads

26. chaps kept rider’s legs safe Cowhand’s Gear Wide-brimmed hat lariat (leather rope) provided protection from the sun used to lasso runaway cattle

27. Cowhands learned their trade from Spanish vaqueros.

28. cowboy’s clothes, food, and vocabulary were heavily influenced by the Mexican VAQUEROS. The animals themselves, the Texas LONGHORNS were sturdy, short-tempered breeds. The CHISHOLMTrail became the major cattle route from San Antonia to Kansas and the RR’s. The cowboy worked 12-14 hours a day on the ranch and more on the trail. The ROUND-UP was the spring season in which cowboys herded all of the STRAYS they could find on the open range. After the herd was sorted and BRANDED, and the trail boss would pick a crew for the CATTLE DRIVE.

29. · Ranchers rounded them up twice a year and branded newborn calves.

30. Cowboys branding a calf in fenced area. South Dakota, 1888.

32. Cowboys on the Open Range