Digestive System Problems

1. Digestive System Problems Colic Cause: Obstruction or twist in the digestive system Symptoms: Rolling, kicking at belly, getting up and down repeatedly Cure: Keep horse walking, laxative, surgery in case of valuable horses Colic surgery

2. Digestive System Problems Bloat • Cause: When cattle can’t get rid of gas in the rumen • Symptoms: Distended left abdomen, pain, bellowing • Cure: Esophageal tube, or stab • Death can occur within 15 min

3. Digestive System Problems Bloat Video

4. Digestive System Problems Diarrhea Cause: Virus, bacteria, change of food, or foreign body in the digestive system Symptoms: loose stool Cure: Antibiotics

5. Circulatory System • Purpose: Circulate oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and water throughout the body • Made up of: • Heart • Veins • Arteries • Capillaries

6. Circulatory System • Heart • Center of the system • Pumps continuously • Veins: Pump blood TO heart • Arteries: Pump blood AWAY from heart • Blood • White and Red blood cells

7. Circulatory System Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve RIGHT Ventricle LFT Ventricle Mitral Valve Aortic Valve LEFT Atrium Pulmonary Valve

8. Circulatory System Problems Heart Murmur • Cause: Abnormal/leaky heart valve • Backflow of blood while heart pumps • Common in puppies while they are growing and very active • Symptoms: Abnormal heart sound, but usually no outside symptoms • Cure: none, Surgery (Sx) in extreme cases

9. Circulatory System Problems Heart Murmur

10. Circulatory System Problems Congestive Heart Failure Cause: Weakened heart muscle… usually from age Symptoms: Tiring easily, coughing Cure: None, but some medications are available to help symptoms

11. Circulatory System Problems Heart Worms Cause: Parasite that is spread from dog to dog by mosquitoes Symptoms: no symptoms till its too late Cure: If caught early, heartworms can be killed

12. Circulatory System Problems Heart Worms

13. Circulatory System Problems Heart Worms Prevention: Monthly heartworm medication

14. Circulatory System Problems Chocolate Toxicity Cause: Dog eating chocolate Symptoms: Vomiting, increased heart rate, muscle tremors, seizures Cure: If lethal dose is eaten, vet care is needed. Activated charcoal in stomach may be used

15. Circulatory System Problems Chocolate Toxicity What's wrong with chocolate? • Cocoa bean contains theobromine, a naturally occurring stimulant that affects the nervous system and heart muscle leading to…. • Vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria • Arrhythmia • Muscle twitching/tremors • Seizures, coma, death

16. Endocrine System • Purpose: • To produce and distribute hormones throughout the body • Made up of Organs: • Liver, Pancreas, Kidneys • And Glands: • Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid

17. Endocrine System • What do hormones control? • Growth • Reproduction/milk production • Digestion • Level of excitement/depression

18. Endocrine System Problems Hyperthyroid Cause: Overproduction of thyroid hormones T3 & T4 Symptoms: weight loss, increased appetite, hyperactivity Cure: daily, permanent medication to decrease thyroid hormones

19. Endocrine System Problems Hypothyroid Cause: Low production of the thyroid gland Symptoms: Hair loss, weight gain, lethargy Cure: Diagnose with blood test, treat daily with medication to increase thyroid production

20. Endocrine System Problems Diabetes Cause: Obesity, congenital, or unknown cause Symptoms: Weight gain, polyuria, increased drinking lethargy Cure: daily insulin

21. Excretory System • Purpose: • Dispose (excretes) wastes from the body • IE: excess water, toxins, other solutes • Made up of: • Kidneys • Ureters • Bladder • Urethra

22. Excretory System Problems UTI Cause: Bacteria/Infection Symptoms: Excessive and frequent urination Cure: Antibiotics

23. Excretory System Problems Kidney Failure • Cause: • Heredity • Poisoning (antifreeze) • Inflammatory Drugs (ibuprofen) • Symptoms: increased thirst/urination, weight loss, lethargy, anemia • Cure: IV Fluids, special foods

24. Excretory System Problems Urinary Blockage Cause: excessive crystal formation in urethra preventing flow of urine Symptoms: Unable to urinate, frequent visits to the litter box (most common in male cats) Cure: urinary catheter, IV fluids to flush crystals, special foods to prevent reoccurrence

25. Excretory System Problems Urinary Blockage

26. Excretory System Problems Bladder Stones Cause: excessive crystal formation Symptoms: Frequent urination, blood in urine Cure: SX to remove stones then special foods to prevent reoccurrence

27. Excretory System Problems Bladder Stones

28. Integumentary System • Purpose: Create a barrier between the body and the outside world • Made up of: • Skin • Hair • Nails • Glands (Sweat) Subcutis

29. Integumentary System Problems Allergies Cause: Can be genetic, other causes unknown Symptoms: Itchy Skin, dermatitis, itchy/dirty ears Cure: medications help, allergy shots are available but are expensive

30. Integumentary System Problems Allergies Allergy symptoms for people are itchy eyes, sneezing, hay fever etc. Dogs exhibit allergies through skin and ears

31. Integumentary System Problems Hot Spots Cause: bacterial infection….. Common in dogs with allergies or who swim a lot Symptoms: defined area of skin that is inflamed, red, hairless and oozing Cure: Oral and topical antibiotics

32. Nervous System • Purpose: Send and receive messages for motor control and overall function of organs • Made up of: • Brain • Spinal Cord • Nerves • Neurons

33. Nervous System Neuron

34. Nervous System

35. Nervous System Problems Seizures Cause: Usually unknown “idiopathic” Symptoms: Muscle twitching, foaming at the mouth, seizures Cure: No cure, but daily medication helps control the seizures

36. Immune System • Purpose: Identifies and kills pathogens • Viruses and bacteria • Made up of: • lymph nodes • Lymph system • Spleen

37. Immune System 2 categories of Immune Systems: • Innate • First line of defense • No memory • Non specific, tries to stop everything from coming in • Skin, hair, stomach acid etc • Adaptive Immunity • Has a memory… remembers how to defeat specific pathogens and heals faster/prevents next exposure • Attacks SPECIFIC threats

38. Immune System Innate or Adaptive? A dog becomes immune to parvovirus, because it had it as a puppy A horse cuts its leg on the fence, they body sends wbc’s to the area to fight infection A cat is vaccinated for rabies virus and likely won’t contract the disease A dog contracts bordatella. Once recovered, it likely won’t contract the exact same virus. (it could mutate)

39. Immune System Problems Lymphoma Cause: unknown, very common in boxers Symptoms: middle aged dog with lumps. Usually acts otherwise healthy Cure: Chemotherapy if elected by owner… but tx typically only extends life for a short time.

40. Reproductive System • Purpose: • Produce more animals • Made up of: • Male: • Testicles, scrotum, penis • Female: • Ovaries, uterus, cervix vagina, mammary glands

41. Reproductive System Problems Mammary Tumor Cause: Hormones & Abnormal cell growth Symptoms: Lumps on belly Cure: surgery to remove, spay also recommended

42. Reproductive System Problems Pyometra Cause: bacterial infection in unspayed, usually old female dogs Symptoms: Vomiting, lethargy, abdominal pain, vaginal discharge Cure: SX: spay female to remove infected uterus

43. Reproductive System Problems Pyometra

44. Reproductive System Problems Testicular Cancer Cause: Unknown, lack of castration at young age Symptoms: abnormal shape and size to testicles Cure: SX neuter the male but it may have spread

45. Reproductive System Problems Cryptorchidism Cause: Unknown Symptoms: 1 or both testicles NOT palpable in scrotum Cure: SX neuter the male