Scientific basis for Indus. Rev. (FC.111)

1. Scientific Rev. of 1600s New findings that contradict old theories Explanations in context of old theories Galileo’s use of math & experiment Much more dynamic scientific method Paracelsus who taught in vernacular, Said factors outside the body caused disease, and Taught from experience Copernicus’ heliocentric theory to simplify system of epicycles (1543) Vesalius who did his own dissections, made own instruments, & an anatomy book that set standard of accuracy Kepler uses math & Tycho Brahe’s data to show orbits are elliptical New synthesis & theory: Newton’s synthesis in physics & astron. (FC.97) Harvey’s synthesis  Circulatory system (FC.98) Scientific method fusing math, experiment & Aristotelian logic  Belief we can understand, predict & manipulate laws of nature Scientific basis for Indus. Rev. (FC.111)

2. FC.99 FROM FAITH TO REASON: DEISIM & ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY Scientific revolution discredits Church’s views on the Universe & raises belief in Humanity’s ability to reason (FC. 97) DEISM: philosophy popular among intellectuals & based on ancient Greek Epicureanism: God exists, but is detached from this world like a watch maker who winds up the universe & lets it go Religious truth can only be found through reason, not divine inspiration or clerical authority Universal moral laws exist in all cultures around the globe, not just in Christian Europe Miracles do not exist, only natural phenomena we have not yet found reasons for Downplayed role of God in this world Humans have responsibility & power to solve their own social & economic problems (FC. 100)

3. FC.100 ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICAL, SOCIAL, & ECONOMIC IDEAS Rise of towns & money economy in the High Middle Ages (FC. 64) England’s rising economy (FC. 96C) Enlightenment & Deism (FC. 99) Rapidly changing society with new wealth, problems, & the need to solve them View that humanity can & must reform society since the Deist god is detached Search for the ideal society, or at least ways to remedy society’s ills French philosophers who are heavily influenced by John Locke: Montesquieu who wanted separation of powers in govt. Voltaire who called for more civil & polit. liberties Rousseau who wanted direct small scale democr’s French Rev. (FC. 105) Adam Smith’s economics: New ideas in psychology: Free tradeEcon’s regulate themselves Everyone can profit Free trade People have incentive to work hard & be productive Helvetius: We are born blank slates We’re products of our environment Rousseau: We should treat childhood as separate stage of develop. Laissez Faire capitalism the dominant econ. theory in 1800s Modern theories of behavioral psychology

4. FC.100A ENLIGHTENMENT, REVOLUTION, & WOMEN’S CHANGING ROLES Views by French philosophers on liberty and equality (FC. 100) Overall more positive view of women because: Nature compared to civ is good  Women are as good as men Many phil’s (eg., Montesquieu, Voltaire, & Diderot) concede women are rational beings like men Enl. Criticisms of slavery open way for women to advocate equal rt’s for themselves 1600s: Women at ct. start holding intellectual salons that attract men of lower status than hostess Hostess controls agenda 1700s: Salons move from court’s infl. to more public venues, but still hosted by women which is compatible w/their perceived domest. roles Hostesses take active part in discussions & even get their own works published Opens way for other women (e.g., Elizabeth Vigee Lebrun)

5. FC.101 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT STATE Locke’s idea that kings are responsible for their subjects’ welfare (FC.85.2) Abs. monarchs who use mercantilism to dev. econ. Bigger tax base (FC.94) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants At first done for benefit of the king Idea emerges that state was working for the benefit of the people People expected more & more state services French Revolution (FC.105) 1600s- Absolute monarchs whose rule is justified by Divine right-> King is only accountable to God 1700s- Enlightened despots whose rule is justified by their merit-> accountable to & for the welfare of the people they rule

6. FC.102 THE FLOW OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS New findings that contradict old theories Explanations in context of old theories Scientific Rev. of 1600s Scientific Rev. of 1600s New synthesis & theory: Newton’s synthesis in physics & astron. (FC.97) Harvey’s synthesis  Circulatory system (FC.98) Scientific basis for Indus. Rev. (FC.111) Scientific basis for Indus. Rev. (FC.111) Scientific Rev. discredits Church & raises belief in Humanity’s ability to reason  Deism  Humans can & must solve their own soc. & econ. problems (FC. 99) Enlightenment ideas about politics, econ., & psychology Blank slate theory Ideal envir.  Ideal people & soc. Belief in civil lib’s, democ, & sep. of powers in govt. Smith’s ideas on free trade capitalism (FC.100) (FC.100) Growing awareness of relation b/w admin., econ., & polit. factors Better trained officials who take civil service exams to get jobs Public works (roads, bridges, etc.) to improve the economy Problems of mod. admin. imposed on feudal structure: Rapid development of powerful new tech’s (FC.117) Rapid development of powerful new tech’s (FC.117) Privileged tax-exempt nobles Heredit. kings are often incompetent Feudal dues burden peasants 1st done for king’s benefitIdea the state was working for the benefit of the peoplePeople expect more from state (FC.101) (FC.101) French Revolution Its ideas spread across Eur. (FC.105) Spread of Eur. power & ideas across globe in 1800s (FC.122)

7. FC.103 BALANCE OF POWER POLITICS IN EUROPE (1715-89) War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48)  Maria Theresa keeps her throne, but but loses Silesia to Prussia Wanting revenge vs. Pr., Austria renews alliance w/Russia Threatens Pr. w/2-front war DIPLOMATIC REVOLUTION OF 1756 DIPLOMATIC REVOLUTION OF 1756 Prussia allies w/Br. for two reasons: To get $ from Britain To deny Br. $ to Russia Fr. does two things. to counter Prussia’s move: Allies with its former enemy, Austria vs. Prussia & Britain Provides $ to Russia It can afford to fight Frederick II of Pr., seeing war as inevitable, invades Saxony for its resources Seven years War (1756-63) By 1763, everyone is worn out & ready for peace Treaty of Paris : Br. Becomes the main colonial power France is broke & its prestige damaged Russia emerges as a Eur. Power Austria kept status as a major power Prussia kept Silesia & big power status 3 partitions of Poland by Rus., Aus.,& Pr. (1772, 1793, 1795) Pol. at foreign powers’ mercy for 200 yrs France, in debt from this & helping Amer. Rev. vs. Br. French Revolution (FC.105)

8. FC.103A THE POTATO AND ITS IMPACT Pizarro’s men rely on potato to survive while returning from Peru & bring it to Europe (FC 81) Potato can flourish in damp cool climate of NW Eur & produce 2-4X calories/acre as grain crops Peasants adopt potato as supplementary crop Marauding soldiers leave potatoes alone because they’re “gross” &/or too much work to dig up Peasants survive horrible wars of 17th & 18th centuries Potato’s high calorie content can support huge armies of Fr. Rev. & Napoleonic wars Potato’s high calorie content can support huge urban growth of indust. Rev.