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Obligatory Litterature General Theo Kuipers, Structures in Scientific Cognition (SSC) Specific

Philosophy of the Natural Sciences Kuipers + Atkinson, Nieuwpoort, van Delden www.rug.nl/filosofie/finat. Obligatory Litterature General Theo Kuipers, Structures in Scientific Cognition (SSC) Specific Reader relativiteitstheorie, molecuultheorie en evolutietheorie One at choice:

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Obligatory Litterature General Theo Kuipers, Structures in Scientific Cognition (SSC) Specific

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  1. Philosophy of the Natural SciencesKuipers + Atkinson, Nieuwpoort, van Deldenwww.rug.nl/filosofie/finat • Obligatory Litterature • General • Theo Kuipers, Structures in Scientific Cognition (SSC) • Specific • Reader relativiteitstheorie, molecuultheorie en evolutietheorie • One at choice: • Lawrence Sklar, Philosophy of Physics, Oxford UP, 20022 • Jaap van Brakel, Philosophy of Chemistry, Leuven UP, 2000 • Elliott Sober, Philosophy of Biology, Westview Press, 20002

  2. Recommended Litterature - General: --Theo Kuipers, Structures in Science. Heuristic Patterns based on Cognitive Structures, Synthese Library, Vol. 301, Kluwer AP, Dordrecht, 2001 -- Merrilee Salmon et al., Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Hacket Publishing Cy, Indianapolis/Cambridge, (1992) 1999 (reprint) -- Specific: see: www.rug.nl/filosofie/finat

  3. Schedule • Nov. 11 K structures 1 SSC: S. 1/2/10/12 • Nov. 18 Atkinson: relativity Reader, part 1 • Nov. 25 K structures 2 SSC: S. 1/2/10/12 • Dec. 2 K explanations 1 SSC: S. 3/4/5/6 • Dec. 9 Nieuwpoort molecules Reader, part 2 • Dec. 16 K explanations 2 SSC: S. 3/4/5/6 • Jan. 6 K methods 1 SSC: S. 7/8/9/11/13 • Jan. 13 van Delden evolution Reader, part 3 • Jan. 20 K methods 2 SSC: S. 7/8/9/11/13 • Jan. 27 examination

  4. Examination • January 27, 2004: 16.00-18.00/19.00? • Resit: tba

  5. Possible parallels/continuations 2003/4(Q1/2/3: first/second/third quarter; EC: Europian Creditpoint; BC/MC: Bachelor / Master Course) • Romeyn: Analytische Wetenschapsfilosofie (Q4, 2.5EC, BC2) • Kuipers: Generalisten lezen met een wetenschapsfilosofische bril (Q2, 5EC, BC3) • Keijzer&Tamminga: Philosophy of neuroscience (Q2; 5 EC; MC) • Kuipers & Romeyn: How to approach the truth (Q3; 5 EC; MC) • Other options: J. Hilgevoord: Over de ruimte (StGen.10/11-1/12)

  6. Possible continuations 2004/5 • The same + • Tamminga & Dooremalen: Cognitive Structures with emphasis on mind/body research (Q1, 5EC, BC2/3) • Kuipers et al.: Filosofie van de sociale wetenschappen (Q?, 5EC, BC3) • Kooi: Computational Philosophy (of Science) (Q?, 5EC, MC) • D’Agostino: Reason ……...(Q2, 5EC, BC/MC)

  7. L1: Introduction + Structures in researchprograms, theories and laws (1) • Introduction Philosophy of Science (PoS): some general questions (SSC: Introduction, 3-5) • what are scientific theories? • what is a scientific explanation? • are scientific claims justifiable or falsifiable? • how do scientific theories change? • how are old and new theories related? • how are theories of different fields related?

  8. PoS as part of “science of science” =cognitive + social studies of science • philosophy of science => cognitive structures • structure of products: laws, theories, r. programs • structure of reasoning processes: explanations • structure of validity relations: methods • => computational philosophy of science • history of science • sociology of science • psychology of science

  9. PoS as part of Philosophy • other relevant subdisciplines • logic • metaphysics (e.g. ontology) • epistemology • value theory (e.g. ethics, aesthetics) • social philosophy (e.g. social epistemology) • many views and disputes • analytic tradition

  10. Use-values PoS-cognitive structures • ‘null hypothesis’ of ideal courses of events • solving classical philosophical problems • didactic instruments for textbooks • heuristic role in research&science policy • heuristic role in actual research • cognitive structures as heuristic patterns = schematic anticipations

  11. 20th century history PoS • Logical Positivism / Empiricism: Wiener Kreis (Carnap c.s) + Berliner Gruppe (Reichenbach c.s) • Hempel, Nagel • Logical: Frege, Russell • Positivism: Comte; Empiricism: Hume • CoD vs CoJ :Context of Discovery vs Justification • logical reconstruction of CoJ • Critical Rationalism: Popper • Descriptive/Historical turn: Kuhn/Lakatos etc.

  12. Post-merely-normative PoS • From (merely) normative to (also) descriptive/historical • Kuhn: paradigms (normal vs revolutionary science) • Feyerabend: ‘anything goes’ (cf. one method) • Lakatos: research programs • Laudan: research traditions • Context of Discovery (CoD-)studies • Alternatives or concretizations?

  13. Research programs and strategies SSC, S1 (5-9), App. 1A-1C (47-51) • Research programs (RP’s) • 4 ideal types: descriptive/explanatory/design/explicative • atomic theory: structure and development • Research strategies • idealization and concretization • interaction: competition/coöperation • interdisciplinary research

  14. Descriptive RP’s thermostatics periodic table human genome project Explanatory RP’s statistical mechanics atomic theory genetic theory Design RP’s nuclear fusion new materials genetic modification Explicative RP’s causal explanation reductive explanation functional explanation Examples

  15. Similarities and differences • PM: Ideal types • descriptive / explanatory / design / explicative • Similarities and differences • all have an internal goal • directly vs indirectly characterized • some or no degrees of freedom

  16. Development • Phases, with corresponding success criteria • internal phase • heuristic and evaluative subphase • external phase, directed at • science external goal or some other program • Core theory + specific theories • Revisions of (specific) theories • Research traditions (Laudan)

  17. Summary research tradition research- RP1 RP2 RP3 RP* DesignRP programs core theory CT2 specific T2.1.1 T2.2.1 T2.3.1 T2.4.1 T2.5.1 theories revisions T2.1.2 T2.3.2 T.2.4.2 phases internal external

  18. Dogmatic behaviorKuhn/Lakatos: SSC, App. 8A (79-81) • Improvement principle (IP) • Programmatic improvement principle (PIP) • aim at a better theory with the same hard core • if necessary, adapt the hard core • if no other option, look for another program • (P)IP functional for empirical progress and truth approxination • Types of dogmatic behavior: • scientific: if with PIP • pseudoscientific: if without PIP

  19. Coöperation between programs • asymmetric • guide and supply RP’s • typical for successful interdisciplinary research • discipline boundary breaking • symmetric • alternating distribution of roles • discipline boundary bridging

  20. Specific strategies • Interaction of holistic and reductionistic RP’s • Strategies for program development • (semi-)dogmatic strategy • guided by idealization and concretization • guided by interesting theorems

  21. Idealization & Concretization: paradigm • Transition ideal gas law  to the Law of Van der Waals (0) P = RT/V (1) P = RT/V a/V2 (or, alternatively, P = RT/(V b)) (2) P = RT/(V b) a/V2 (or the standard form: (P+a/V2)(V b)=RT)) • P, V, T: pressure, volume, temperature • R: ideal gas constant • a and b: gas constants, resp. related to mutual attraction between the molecules and the volume of the molecules.

  22. Observational laws and proper theoriesSSC: S2 (9-12) • examples and characteristics • theory-relative explication of ‘observational /theoretical’ (O/T-) distinctions • theory ladenness of observation • explication in terms of ‘empirical basis’ • structure of proper theories • epistemological positions

  23. Structure & development of RP’s • Authors: Kuhn, Lakatos, etc. • Ex. Newton, Dalton, Mendel • Structure: components • domain • problem/goal • idea: vocabulary + principles: • hard core/ dogma’s • positive heuristics • model as positive heuristics

  24. Research strategies • Program bound research • Program pluralism in education and in research • Program interaction • competition • coöperation • asymmetric or symmetric

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