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Journalism

Journalism. Graham Choo Wong Renhao Hans Yamin Roshni Rawla. Journalism (Late 18 th Century). U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment – Freedom of speech Personal journalism: Ben Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette (political and controversial)

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Journalism

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  1. Journalism Graham Choo Wong RenhaoHans Yamin Roshni Rawla

  2. Journalism (Late 18th Century) • U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment – Freedom of speech • Personal journalism: • Ben Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette (political and controversial) • Pamphleteers – published their writings at great personal risk of death e.g. Thomas Paine

  3. Journalism • For most of American history, newspapers dominated the production and dissemination of what people widely thought of as news • “Yellow journalism” by William Hearst to provoke public opinion in helping to spark the Spanish-American War, 1898 • Muckrakers – exposed a variety of outrages e.g. cruel conditions in workplaces

  4. The Corporate Era (20th Century) • Economics of newspaper publishing favored big business  local monopolies • Radio and television lured readers and advertisers away from the newspapers  consolidation of newspaper industry  Big Media

  5. The Corporate Era • Positive aspect • More resources to improve on quality and investigative reporting e.g. The New York Times where there is voting control by families or small groups

  6. The Corporate Era • Negative aspect (Profit centered) • To lure viewers with violence and entertainment (irresponsible) Celebrity “journalism”, gossip • Centered on violence being a major issue, even when crime rates were plummeting  kept other serious issues off the air • No depth in news coverage  a shallow citizenry can be turned into a dangerous mob more easily than an informed one

  7. The Corporate Era • Cable technology bring more channel capacity and choice to the people • But is still a central point of control for the owner of the cables e.g. they decide which package of channels to offer • Could threaten information choice in the future

  8. From Outside In • How changing media technology has been in favor of journalism • ARPANET  Internet, which allowed people to connect with one another, acquiring information for journalists through public message boards for example • Personal computer with word processor programs to aid journalists

  9. Ransom-Note Media • Desktop publishing had the clearest potential for journalism • Entry level moved down to small groups and even individuals  personal journalism • Problem of wide usage of too many fonts (mimicking a ransom note)

  10. Out Loud and Outrageous • Modern talk radio provide entertainment and commentary, and the participation of the audience • Predated and anticipated the weblog phenomenon, where people in the audience make the news

  11. The Web Era Emergent • Hypertext technology  to publish documents as web pages  to write, not just read from the web • Now we have a medium that has worldwide distribution and can be anything: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many • Information technology would lead among many other things, to mass customization, disintermediation (elimination of middlemen), and media convergence • Markets are conversations; journalism is also a conversation

  12. Writing the Web • Technology • Everyday people given the tools they need to join this emerging conversation • Cultural • Putting the tools of creation into millions of hands could lead to an unprecedented community • Blog format where most recent material is at the top

  13. Open Sourcing the News • Linux created to bypass the limits of software code • More about freedom than cost • Where project leaders contribute bits and pieces of what becomes a whole package • Safer to use because people can find and fill the security holes

  14. Open Sourcing the News • Open source journalism where bloggers and operators of independent news sites scan for and sort news for people • Where we can correct our mistakes and add new facts and context • We can do journalism together

  15. Terror Turns Journalism’s Corner • September 11, 2001 terror attacks, was the key building blocks of emergent, grassroots journalism and collaboration with Big Media • New York city bloggers posted personal views of what they’d seen, with photographs, providing more information and context to what the major media was providing • Tamim Ansary, an Agfhan-American writer shot to recognition when his email intended for friends, got circulated and broadcasted by the Big Media to mass audiences

  16. How Technology is Changing the Media

  17. How Technology is Changing the Media • Newspapers • Attempting the goal of neutrality • An impersonal point of view and rhetoric • Standard style of reporting: • Voiceless • Dead language

  18. How Technology is Changing the Media • Blogs and the Internet in general • So much more life • People are looking for a human soul and voice behind the news • Hence the flourishing of weblogs

  19. How Technology is Changing the Media • Traditional Journalism • Expensive • Requires people to know what they are talking about • Requires them to go out and try to get the truth

  20. How Technology is Changing the Media • New-world Journalism • Publication is the middle, not the end of the story • People discuss it • Plug holes (citizen) journalists have no way of doing • Opinions, corrections, etc. • Audiences select what to discuss/correct

  21. How Technology is Changing the Media • Moving from the culture that news belongs to news organizations… • To a culture that news belongs to us at ground-level • We the Media

  22. How Technology is Changing the Media • Korea’s OhmyNews • 40 000 citizen journalists • Small team of professional journalists • No print edition – weekly print edition • Citizen journalists send stories in, professional team edits • Calling for global reports to go international

  23. How Technology is Changing the Media • Korea’s OhmyNews • An alternative to retrograde, conservative natural newspapers • A gift economy • Korea is a small, homogeneous, same-language country • US? Singapore? • Korean broadband

  24. How Technology is Changing the Media • To what extent has blogs reached a peak? • Info : garbage ratio • Blogging as a tool – used in different ways • Addressing Niche Communities • Mugglenet.com

  25. How Technology is Changing the Media • Astroturfing • Will always be there • Sometimes will be caught, mostly not • Humans are fooled • Perception of sincerity • Achilles’ Heel of blogging

  26. Citizen Journalism

  27. The Past • Industrial age model: Manufacturing news. • Still works to some degree, but less effective. • Newsmakers need to understand the swirling eddies of news are not tiny pools on the shoreline.

  28. Citizen Journalism • Outsiders of all kinds can probe more deeply into newsmakers’ businesses and affairs. • They can disseminate what they learn more widely and quickly. • The current technology makes it even easier to gain support from like-minded people. • In this current age, information can be easily accessed and made almost instantly available to anyone who has a connection.

  29. Citizen Journalism • SARS epidemic: despite Guangdong governor’s effort to hide the outbreak by forbidding announcements on TV as well as radio, news still got leaked out via word-of-mouth and SMS.

  30. Citizen Journalism • The emergence of moblogging • Almost everyone owns video-enabled phones and it is really easy to make news • The mass is now the paparazzi • CNN report case: a 15-year-old snapped a picture of a would-be abductor, leading to the arrest of the suspect. • We have since become a society of voyeurs and exhibitionists. • Powerful? It’s actually pretty scary.

  31. Citizen Journalism • 9/11 case: Individuals with video cameras captured parts of the story, and their works ended up on network TV as well. • The big networks stopped showing most graphic videos fairly quickly, but those pictures are still on the Net for anyone who wants to see them. • What if everyone in that very plane actually had camera phones and was trying to send images and audios from the epicenter of the terrorists’ airborne arsenal? Hm…

  32. Citizen Journalism • Truth Squad – people expose bogus news and show the true scenes • Contents can actually be crucial. • e.g. video account of a crime scene which can be used as evidence. • “The accumulation of data is also a powerful research tool for anyone who wants to drill deeper into an issue”

  33. Citizen Journalism • McSpotlight: McDonald’s sued two activists in London, claiming that they had been libeled by their pamphlets • These activists counter-sued McDonald’s and created the McSpotlight website, which provides a deconstruction of McDonald’s marketing materials. • Although McDonald’s officially won the trial, they ended up suffering huge damages, and the McSpotlight website was not pulled down even after the trial was over. • Instead, the website developed further to look into other MNCs behaviors.

  34. TROLLS, SPIN, AND BOUNDARIES OF TRUST

  35. WAYS TO MISLEAD

  36. CUT AND PASTE PROBLEM • Cutting removes relevant information • May lead to distortion of original meaning • Considered harmful and malicious • Cause misunderstandings

  37. FAKE IMAGES PROBLEM • Leads to manipulation of public • Naming images are its proof of authenticity • Use of image altering tools like Photoshop and Cropping • Increased use of doctored video • Use of electronically inserted backdrops leading to trickery

  38. FAKE IMAGES PROBLEM

  39. ANONYMITY • Used to protect oneself from people around • Example: Person with AIDS, unpopular person, corporate and government whistle blowers • Has hazards and credibility issues • Example: Give trashy reviews, unable to counteract to enemies’ reviews • Adoption of pseudonym as an alternative • Implement use of digital signature

  40. TROLL • “A troll is deliberately crafted to provoke others with intention of wasting their time and energy.” • Time thief • Isn’t necessarily insulting

  41. SPIN • “Putting events or other facts, especially those of political or legal significance, into contexts favoring oneself or one’s client or cause, at least in comparison to opponents.” • Insidious routes to public • “Google bombing”

  42. CITIZEN JOURNALISM • Fast checking • Open source projects • WordPirates

  43. CONCLUSION

  44. Conclusion • The Corporate Era • The advent and increasing popularity of radio and television • Positive and negative aspects • Cable technology leads to increased choices • Web Era Emergent • Hypertext technology • Changes in information technology

  45. Conclusion • How technology is changing media • Newspapers • Blogs • Traditional journalism • New world journalism

  46. Conclusion • Citizen journalism • Rise of citizen journalism • Emergence of moblogging • Truth squad

  47. Conclusion • Ways to mislead • cut & paste problem • fake images problem • anonymity

  48. QUESTIONS?

  49. THANK YOU!

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