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Chapter 35

Chapter 35. Immune System and Disease. 35.1. Infectious disease can be caused by viruses, fungi, bacteria, protists , and parasites. Some diseases are spread through coughing or physical contact with another person.

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Chapter 35

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  1. Chapter 35 Immune System and Disease

  2. 35.1 • Infectious disease can be caused by viruses, fungi, bacteria, protists, and parasites. • Some diseases are spread through coughing or physical contact with another person. • Some diseases are spread through contaminated water or food or infected animals.

  3. 35.1 Continued • Infectious diseases: occur when microorganisms cause physiological changes that disrupt normal body functions. • Germ theory of disease: microorganisms that were commonly called germs. • Koch’s postulates: rules that led Koch to develop rules for identifying microorganisms that cause a specific disease. • Zoonosis: any disease that can be transmitted from animal to human. • Vectors: carriers that transport pathogens.

  4. 35.2- Defenses Against Infection • The immune systems specific defenses distinguish between self and other, and they inactivate or kill foreign substances or cells that enter the body. • The specific immune response has two main styles of action- humoral and cell mediated immunity. • Nonspecific defenses include the skin, tears, inflammatory response, interferon's, and fever.

  5. 35.2 Continued • Inflammatory response: causes infected areas to become red and painful, or inflamed • Histamines: increase the flow of blood and fluids to the affected area. • Interferons: interfere with viral growth. • Fever: increased body temperature that occurs in response to infection. • Immune response: specific recognition, response, and memory. • Antigen:any foreign substance that can stimulate an immune response. • Antibodies: to tag antigens for destruction by immune cells. • Humoral immunity: depends on the action of antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph. • Cell mediated immunity: depends on the action of macrophages and several types of T cells.

  6. 35.3- Fighting Infectious Disease • Vaccination stimulates the immune system with an antigen. • Antibodies produced against a pathogen by other individuals can be used to produce temporary immunity. • Antibodies can kill bacteria and some antiviral medications can slow down the viral activity. • The immune system produces memory B cells and memory T cells that speed up and strengthen the body's response to a repeated infection or disease. • Two major reasons for the emergence of new disease are the ongoing merging of human and animal habitats and the increase in the exotic animal trade.

  7. 35.3 Continued • Vaccination: injection of a weakened, or a similar but less dangerous, pathogen to produce immunity. • Active Immunity: immunity that develops as a result of natural or deliberate exposure to an antigen. • Passive Immunity: temporary immunity that develops as a result of natural or deliberate exposure to an antibody.

  8. 35.4- Immune System Disorders • A strong immune response to harmless antigens can produce allergies and asthma. • When the immune system attacks the body’s own cells it produces an autoimmune disease.

  9. 35.4 Continued • Allergy: trigger an inflammatory response causing mast cells to release histamines. • Asthma: is a chronic disease in which air passes narrow, causing wheezing, coughing and difficulty breathing.

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