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Environmentalism in Global Perspective

Environmentalism in Global Perspective. The First Wave Early responses to Industrialization. First Wave: 19 th Century. Response to industrialization Arose in Britain first Urban/rural relationship Coal, deforestation, enclosure movement Imperialism and industrialization

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Environmentalism in Global Perspective

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  1. Environmentalism in Global Perspective The First Wave Early responses to Industrialization

  2. First Wave: 19th Century • Response to industrialization • Arose in Britain first • Urban/rural relationship • Coal, deforestation, enclosure movement • Imperialism and industrialization • Ecological debt of First World to Third World • 3 strands • Back-to-the-land • Scientific conservation • Wilderness preservation

  3. Back-to-the-land ●Romantics: Rescralization of nature - Cities as ecological parasites - Agrarian self-sufficiency William Wordsworth John Ruskin, Edward Carpenter Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau • U.S.: Shakers, Amish, Quakers • Gandhi • Voluntary simplicity, village life, crafts and cottage industries • Practical, NOT romantic

  4. Scientific Conservation • Finite resources should be rationally managed • “Maximum sustainable yield” • Applied to forests, freshwater, fisheries, wildlife • Ideological link between conservation & conservatism • Depends upon state control of resources • Applied most extensively in colonies • Authoritarian state rule unconstrained by parliaments & democracy • George Perkins Marsh, Dietrich Brandis, Gifford Pinchot • Opposition: anti-colonialist movements • Peasant & nationalist movements

  5. Wilderness Ideal • Seems peculiar to U.S., but has old lineage • Sacred groves ubiquitous across history & culture • Colonial application of “wilderness” • "Game reserves" in Africa excluded Africans from hunting • National parks excluded them altogether • Yellowstone: first national park in the world (1872) • The U.S. at the forefront of the wilderness ideal • John Muir founded Sierra Club (1892) • Now, over 1000 around world. • Aldo Leopold • From scientific conservation to "land ethic" • Deep ecology • Arne Naess: strong Gandhian influence • U.S. deep ecology movement: Earth First!

  6. Some who don’t fit • Forerunners of social ecology • Socioeconomic critique • Interaction of society & nature • Intergenerational perspective • Regional perspective Q: Was Gandhi an environmentalist? Q: What, if anything, ties together these strands of environmentalism?

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