Overcoming Isolation

1. Overcoming Isolation 1000-1200 AD

2. The American North • Thule • Moved east during warm spell around 1000 AD • Navigated Arctic Ocean • Landed in Greenland • Hunting culture (reindeer, walrus, etc.)

3. Blue = Thule Red, Yellow, Orange = Scandinavian Green = Dorset Arctic Settlements

4. Thule Hunter

5. The American North cont. • Scandinavians • To Greenland via Iceland • Erik the Red 982 AD • Desperate men • Fleeing Blood feuds • Established trading colony in Newfoundland • Leif Erikson • Didn’t last • Not enough civilizations close by

8. The American Southwest • Large civilization centered at Chaco Canyon • Extensive road building • Large cities • Mass executions • Irrigation canals • Drying climate led to decline • Isolated from Meso-America

11. Mississippi Region 900 AD – 1200 AD • Settlers from across Gulf of Mexico • Centered at Cahokia (St. Louis) • Part of Mound-Building Culture • 100 ft flat mound • This civ. falls to be replaced by many smaller societies

13. Indian Ocean Trade 1000-1200 • Ethiopia on west end • isolated mtn. kingdom • gradually growing due to trade • Khmer (Cambodia) • rich soil --> surplus food • sold on Indian ocean trade routes • centered at city of Angkor • largest temple in world = Angkor Wat • Originally Hindu but gradually replaced by Buddhism

15. Angkor Wat

16. Indian Ocean Trade cont. • India • previously center of learning & culture • Buddhism • Hinduism • science, technology, logic • geographic trade center • fading into background during this period • political disunity • states collapsing in comp w/ each other • plagued by Muslim raiders • Chola kingdom maintains order in the south • merchants & pirates

18. Isolation in Europe • Blocked by oceans to south & west • Blocked to the east by steppe people • Europe felt besieged • Pope Urban II 1095 AD called for Christian unity • attempts to unify fell flat • Led to rise of nation states • Benefits? Problems?

20. Pope Urban II

21. Isolation in Europe cont. • Interior, rather than exterior expansion • Needed to cope with increased population • 35 million by year 1000 • Highlands opened up due to global warming • cleared forests • drained bogs • “Reclaiming wilderness for God” • felled trees sacred to Pagans • Broke power of Druidic and animistic religions • Major Engineering begins (1170 when the word first appeared)

22. Engineering and Technology • Land drainage • Infrastructure • canals • bridges • roads • New Technologies • windmills • clocks • paper milling • firearms • compass

23. European Economics • Atlantic & Mediterranean trade linked • trade agreements between ports • Hanseatic league 1143 AD • promoted trade in N. Europe • Italian leagues • Genoa • Venice • largest economies since fall of Rome

25. Effects of Trade Stabilization • Steady trade routes led to geographic specialization • Textiles • Shipbuilding • Wheat • Fish • leads to urbanization • Requires new city governments • city council & administrators • rise of middle class & beginning of fall of aristocracy • Some develop into city states (Italian cities) • Most into nation-state structure

27. Effects of Trade cont. • Peace & Plenty allowed time for contemplation • developed codes of chivalry • governed behavior • reaction to old warrior codes • charity, loyalty, etiquette

28. Effects of Trade cont. • Massive economic change led to change in culture and religion • Heresies • Leutard called for universal celibacy • burnings in 1015 AD are first in 600 years. • Church responds to heresy with clerical reform • Gregorian reform ( Pope Gregory VII 1073-1085) • church vs. nobles for church appointments • Begin focusing on peasants rather than nobles • Art focus on peasants • New portrayals of Christ • Carvings/sculpture of lower classes, not aristocrats

29. Pope Gregory VII

30. 3rd Century Christ as Sun God

31. 4th Century Christ as Teacher

32. 15th Century Christ’s Baptism