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Residential Location

Residential Location. David Levinson. Push and Pull. Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things (advantage of locating far from specific things). Hedonism I. We seek “pleasure” in deciding where to locate

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Residential Location

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  1. Residential Location David Levinson

  2. Push and Pull • Pull - advantages of locating near specific things • Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things (advantage of locating far from specific things)

  3. Hedonism I • We seek “pleasure” in deciding where to locate • Pleasure comprises attributes of structure (house) and location. • We consider especially location

  4. Accessibility • A measure that relates the transportation network to the pattern of activities that comprise land use. • It measures the ease of reaching valued destinations. • Accessibility “is perhaps the most important concept in defining and explaining regional form and function.” (Wachs and Kumagai 1973)

  5. The Power of Networks • Top picture: two “markets”: A-B and B-A. • Middle Picture: six markets: B-C, C-B, C-A, A-C • Bottom Picture: twelve markets: D-C, C-D, D-B, B-D, D-A, A-D

  6. S = N ( N-1) S = Size of the Network: N = Number of Nodes (places) To illustrate With 2 nodes: S = 2*1 = 2 With 3 nodes: S = 3*2 = 6 With 4 nodes: S = 4*3 =12. And so on. Mathematical Expression

  7. Relative vs. Absolute Change • Do people value the absolute increase (each person I am connected to adds the same value)? • Or do people value the relative change (I will pay twice as much for a network that is twice the size)?

  8. Where: Ej= some measure of activity at point j (for example jobs) Cij= the cost to travel between i and j (for example travel time by auto). Measuring Point Accessibility

  9. where: A = Accessibility Wi = Workers at origin i Ej = Employment at destination j f(Cij) = function of the travel cost (time and money) between i and j. Measuring Metropolitan Accessibility

  10. Network Size: All nodes valued equally Independent of type of node Independent of spatial separation of nodes Accessibilty: Places are not equal Places (i, j) are weighted according to size Considers spatial separation of places. Network Size vs. Accessibility

  11. Absolute vs. Relative Accessibility • A transportation improvement reduces the travel time between two places. What happens? • The absolute accessibility of the entire region increases. The pie increases • The relative accessibility of the two places increases at a greater rate than the rest of the region. The slice of the pie going to those two places increases even more. • Why does this matter?

  12. Network Externalities

  13. Multi-Modal & Multi-Purpose Accessibility

  14. Access By Mode & Distance, DC Data

  15. Accessibility and Housing Value Urban Economics suggests trade-off time & money - finding supported for auto accessibility - not for transit accessibility

  16. Is Race (Still) an Issue in Transport & Land Use? • Why? • Why Not?

  17. American Apartheid (Massey & Denton) • Sources of Racism • Theories: • Culture of Poverty • Insitutional Racism • Welfare Disincentives • Structural Economic Change (leading to spatial mismatch) • Spatial Segregation

  18. Segregation • Self-Segregation • Why would a group self-segregate? • Assimiliation vs. Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl • Segregation when integration is preferred • Segregation of blacks vs. other minorities.

  19. Segregation & Poverty • Interaction of segregation and high poverty levels exacerbates problem • If poverty rates are higher in the segregated group than average, all in the segregated group live a disproportionately poor area.

  20. Dimensions of (Hyper)Segregation • Unevenness - blacks overrepresented in some areas, underrepresented in others (Dissimilarity) • Isolation - blacks don’t share neighborhoods with whites (=100 when all blacks live in black only neighborhoods) • Clustering - black neighborhoods may be clustered (so that they adjoin) (or they may be checkerboard)( = 100 when all black neighborhoods contiguous) • Centralization- around the urban core, or out in the suburbs. (=100 if all black neighborhoods in urban core) • Concentration - in a small area, or over a large area. (relative amount of physical space occupied by group = 100 when blacks occupy smallest possible area) • Measures largely reflect the same phenomenon, but are defined somewhat differently.

  21. Where: Gi = population of group g in area i Hi = population of group h in area i G = total population of group g in all areas H = total population of group h in all areas The higher the more dissimilar (100 = max dissimilarity) Dissimilarity Index

  22. The South is Less Segregated

  23. Racial Profile of areas in Columbia, MD

  24. Dissimilarity Index From Columbia, MD (/100)

  25. Neighborhood Preference • How similar should the neighbors be? • E.g. A survey of Detroit found that a majority of blacks preferred living in a neighborhood that was 50% black, • Whites on the other hand would prefer a neighborhood more than 50% white.

  26. Schelling Model • See Schelling Model Link

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