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Middle East

Middle East. Geography. Civilization developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers There are few natural barrier which resulted in frequent invasions. . Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian civilizations developed in the Fertile Crescent valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

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Middle East

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  1. Middle East

  2. Geography Civilization developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers There are few natural barrier which resulted in frequent invasions.
  3. Mesopotamia Mesopotamian civilizations developed in the Fertile Crescent valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Due to frequent invasion there were many civilizations, the two most known were Babylon and Sumer Sumer- developed writing known as Cuneiform Babylon- King Hammurabi developed Hammurabi’s Code, the first written law code
  4. READ and answer the questions Seignior-A man of importance and rank (noble) Is the code fair among the Social classes? Why or why not? What would happen if a slave was injured? What if a seignior knocked out a commoner’s tooth?
  5. Islam Developed on the Arabian Peninsula in 622 CE Founder: Muhammad Book: Quran Location: Worldwide. Originate on Arabian Peninsula (most popular by 2100) Main Ideas: -Monotheistic- one God Allah -Mosques - Five Pillars -Sharia (Law)
  6. Islam The Five Pillars of Islam are their moral code One God Allah Alms to the poor Pray 5 times a day Pilgrimage to Mecca Fast during Ramadan
  7. Ottoman Empire Muslim (Turks) used superior weapons to take control of North Africa, Spain, and parts of India. They eventually gained the Byzantine capital, Constantinople (now Istanbul) They used gunpowder cannons and curved swords to gain control
  8. Armenian Genocide Prior to WWI nationalism was causing tensions throughout the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans. In the Ottoman Empire (Present day Turkey) tensions resulted in the Armenian Genocide. Islamic Turks attacked and killed Armenian Christians accusing them of treason.
  9. Pan-Arabism A call to unite the Arab, or Muslim, world Started by Egyptian ruler Nasser to protest the development of Israel, a Jewish State Today, Arab nations squabble over territory and oil
  10. Israel In the early 1900, Theodore Herzl began the Zionist movement. Zionism is a nationalistic movement to create a Jewish nation in the Holy Land After World War II ended, land was granted to create Israel
  11. Arab Israel Conflict Since the founding of Israel the Arabs and Jews have been at odds Arabs see the Jews as a threat to their traditional Islamic life. Areas of contention: Gaza Strip, West Bank, Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights
  12. Palestine The Palestinians were also promised a sovereign nation after WWII, but only Israel was created Today, Palestinians live throughout the Middle East, including Israel. However, tensions are high between the Jewish population and the Palestinian Arabs
  13. Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Led by Yasser Arafat, the PLO leads terrorist acts throughout Israel to demand an independent Palestine. In response, the Israelis use military force. Arafat died in 2004 but the PLO remains active today
  14. Iranian Revolution After WWII Iran began a period of modernization and westernization. However, Islamic fundamentalists led by Khomeini overthrew the government Iran set up a fundamental Sharia government and looks at the West (including the US) as enemies In 1979 the Iranians held 52 Americans hostage
  15. Turkey and Ataturk After WWII the Ottoman empire was mostly broken into mandates (territories controlled by foreign nations) Turkey was saved by the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. In 1920 Turkey gained its sovereignty and began modernizing. Factories, infrastructure and schools were all built on Western models.
  16. Cold War- Afghanistan The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to gain its oil reserves and spread communism. The Soviets struggled due to geographic challenges. The United States helped the Afghan rebels buy supplying military supplies and advice. Those weapons were later used against the US during Operation Iraqi Freedom (post 9/11)
  17. Arab Spring The Arab Spring is a string of revolutions in Islamic countries to get rid of oppressive dictators. Cycle: Government not meeting people’s needs Establish new government and punish the old Seek stability with an autocratic or military leader
  18. Oil Many Arab nations have rich stores of oil. These oil fields are sought after by other Arabs and even foreign powers It is often charged that US and UN foreign policies are shaped by the supply of oil. The Kuwait war began when Iraq invaded Kuwait for its Oil and the US and UN defended Kuwait.
  19. Tensions today
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