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The Ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin Chapter 12 Sections 3 and 4 . The Protestant Reformation. Desiderius Erasmus – The Father of Christian Humanism . Why were Erasmus & others calling for reform ? (Text p. 390) .
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The Ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin Chapter 12 Sections 3 and 4 The Protestant Reformation
Why were Erasmus & others calling for reform? (Text p. 390) • Between 1450 & 1520, a series of popes failed to meet the church’s spiritual needs. • Julius II led armies against his enemies, disgusting those who viewed the pope as a spiritual not a military leader • Many church officials were concerned with money & used their church offices to advance their careers & their wealth. • Many priests seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties. • People were craving assurance of their salvation. • According to church practice at the time, a person could gain an indulgence- release from all or part of the punishment for sin. • The church also sold indulgences. • Many people felt the worldly wise clergy had little interest in the spiritual needs of their people.
Martin Luther • Monk and Professor at the University of Wittenberg, in Germany. • Catholic teaching stressed that both faith & good works were needed to gain personal salvation. • In Luther’s eyes, human beings could never do enough good works to earn salvation. • Through his study, Luther came to believe that humans are not saved through their good works but through their faith in God. • This faith will make the person just, or worthy of salvation. • Justification by faith alone became the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation. • The Bible became for Luther, as for all other Protestants, the only source for religious truth.
The 95 Theses • October 31, 1517, Luther sent a list of 95 theses to his church superiors. • The objections he had centered around the selling of indulgences. • Thousands of copies were printed and spread all over Germany. • Pope Leo X did not take him seriously. • Claimed Luther was some drunken German who would amend his ways when he sobers up
A Break with the Church • Called for German papacy to establish a reformed German church. • Only kept 2 sacraments- baptism and the Eucharist (communion) • Called for the clergy to marry • Continued to emphasize his new doctrine of salvation • Church excommunicated him in January 1521.
Edict of Worms • Charles V summoned Luther to appear before the legislative assembly of the Holy Roman Empire. • Thought he could convince Luther to change his mind; Luther refused. • Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw. His works were to be burned & Luther captured. • Luther went into hiding until 1522.
Lutheranism • Many German rulers supported Luther and formed state churches. • New religious services to replace Catholic mass which included Bible readings, preaching of the word of God, and song. • Doctrine became known as Lutheranism and the churches as Lutheran churches. • The first Protestant faith
John Calvin & Calvinism • John Calvin was educated in his native country, France. • After his conversion to Protestantism, he was forced to flee Catholic France for Switzerland for protection. • In 1536, he published The Institutes of Protestantism, a summary of Protestant thought. • He also believed in justification by faith alone.
John Calvin & Calvinism • Calvin also placed much emphasis on the all powerful nature of God. • One of his new ideas was predestination- this ideology was that God determined in advance who would be saved & who would be damned. • Calvin’s success in Geneva made the city a center of Protestantism. • Missionaries were trained & sent out to all parts of Europe • By the mid sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important & dynamic form of Protestantism.
