PROMOTING FENESTRATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY: ROLE OF RATING AND CERTIFICATION

1. PROMOTING FENESTRATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY: ROLE OF RATING AND CERTIFICATION John Hogan, NFRC, A.I.A., P.E. Senior Code Development Analyst Seattle Department of Design, Construction and Land Use 700 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2000 Seattle, Washington 98104 New Delhi, India, 22 November 2002 Bangalore, India, 25 November 2002

2. OUTLINE Overview of energy consumption and energy efficiency:- importance of fenestration (windows, doors, skylights) Advances in fenestration technology Market problems for advanced fenestration technologies Supporting energy efficient fenestration technologies:- NFRC (National Fenestration Rating Council) program- 1992 U.S. National Energy Policy Act (EPAct) NFRC in U.S. model codes for energy: IECC, ASHRAE 90.1 U.S. Energy Star Program: U-factor & SHGC requirements Conclusions

3. ENERGY CONSUMPTION & EFFICIENCY India is the 6th largest energy consuming nation

4. IMPORTANCE OF FENESTRATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY Energy efficient fenestration (windows, doors, skylights) reduces energy use in buildings: cooling, lighting, heating Benefits to occupants: greater thermal comfort, less glare Benefits to tenants: reduced energy bills (due to lower energy consumption and lower peak demand), greater productivity Benefits to building owner: reduced size (and cost) of air conditioning equipment offsets cost of better fenestration, space is more desirable to lease Benefits to utility: reduced power plant construction costs Benefits to society: reduced pollution

5. ADVANCES IN FENESTRATION TECHNOLOGY Low-emissivity coatings: - pyrolytic vs. sputter, placed on glass or on suspended films Spectrally selective: daylighting with less solar heat gain, (look for visible transmittance > 1.2 x SHGC) Inert gas fills: typically 90% argon, rarely krypton Low-conductance spacers: reduces condensation Advanced frames: - curtainwalls w/exterior metal minimized, metal cap w/isolation - metal outside/wood inside, new frame materials

6. MARKET PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED FENESTRATION TECHNOLOGIES Fenestration performance claim not based on overall product- often based on center-of-glass only- ignores the effects of edge-of-glass and frame Progressive manufacturers need a method to fairly compete and take credit for all the nuances of their innovations Testing every product is expensive Fenestration not labeled in the field for the inspectors Overstated energy performance (results in decreased confidence in energy efficiency when actual energy use is higher)

7. SUPPORTING ENERGY EFFICIENT FENESTRATION TECHNOLOGIES:Benefits of the NFRC Program Provides a means for manufacturers to take credit for nuances and refinements to product design (using latest research & international stds such as ISO 15099) Involvement of independent laboratories and IA�s provides architects, engineers, designers, contractors, consumers, building officials, and utility representatives with greater confidence that the information is unbiased Focus on simulation (rather than testing) means that - initial product development is less expensive, and- obtaining ratings is less expensive (than testing all options)

8. BENEFITS OF NFRC PROGRAM (cont.) By using simulation as the basis but coupling it with a single validation test, there is an automatic check on accuracy (testing alone allows manufacturers to perform several tests and then use the best one for product claims and code compliance) The certification process indicates that the manufacturer is consistently producing the product that was rated (it is not acceptable for manufacturers to make an exceptionally high quality sample and obtain a good rating in a test) Readily visible temporary label that can be used by the building inspector to quickly verify Energy Code compliance Permanent label that enables future access to energy rating information

9. NFRC Temporary Label (ratings in I-P) Website for further information: www.nfrc.org

10. NFRC Temporary Label (I-P & SI)

11. U.S. ENERGY POLICY ACT (EPAct) National fenestration energy rating system:1992 EPAct requires development of a national fenestration energy rating system, specifies NFRC as preferred developer Baselines for State Energy Codes:- International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) as the baseline for low-rise residential buildings (formerly the Model Energy Code) - ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 as the baseline for  high-rise residential buildings and all nonresidential buildings (developed jointly by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers and the  Illuminating Engineering Society of North America)

12. FENESTRATION RATINGS: IECC 2000 International Energy Conservation Code (Section102.3):  �U-values of fenestration products (windows, doors, and skylights) shall be determined in accordance with NFRC 100 by an accredited, independent laboratory, and labeled and certified by the manufacturer.  The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of glazed fenestration products (windows, glazed doors, and skylights) shall be determined in accordance with NFRC 200 by an accredited, independent laboratory, and labeled and certified by the manufacturer.� Applies to all fenestration products in all building types

13. FENESTRATION RATINGS: Std. 90.1 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2001 (Sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.3): U-factors, SHGC, visible transmittance, & air leakage to be - determined in accordance with NFRC 100, 200, and 400 and - �determined by a laboratory accredited by a nationally  recognized accreditation organization,such as the  National Fenestration Rating Council, and shall be labeled  and certified by the manufacturer� Applies to all buildings except low-rise residential buildings

14. CLIMATE DATA Climate variables used in the IECC and ASHRAE 90.1: - HDD18: Annual Heating Degree Days, base 18 degrees C- CDD10: Annual Cooling Degree Days, base 10 degrees C Indian climate data (from ASHRAE Standard 90.1):- New Delhi: 267 HDD18, 5589 CDD10, Table B-2  (480 HDD65, 10060 CDD50)- Bangalore: 1 HDD18, 5227 CDD10, Table B-2  (2 HDD65, 9409 CDD50)similar to- Miami : 111 HDD18, 5263 CDD10, Table B-2  Florida, USA (200 HDD65, 9474 CDD50)

15. ASHRAE Standard 90.1: Example Table

16. IECC & 90.1 FENESTRATION CRITERIA: New Delhi and Bangalore Residential buildings < 3 storieswith fenestration area < 30% of wall area (2000 IECC): U-factor = 5.1 maximum (double-glazing, any frame type) SHGC = 0.40 maximum Residential buildings > 3 stories + all public buildingswith fenestration area < 40% of wall area (90.1-2001):  SHGC = 0.25 maximum (0.44 for north-facing) Visible transmittance (VT) > 1.00 x SHGC Websites for further information:IECC: www.intlcodes.org; ASHRAE 90.1: www.ashrae.org

17. VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS:U.S. ENERGY STAR Goal:- to help consumers quickly and easily identify products that  save energy U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) programs:- refrigerators, dishwashers, clothes washers,  room air conditioners, and fenestration products U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) programs:- home electronics, residential heating equipment, lighting,  and whole building programs

18. ENERGY STAR - FENESTRATION Fenestration products included:- windows- doors- skylights U.S. divided into three climate regions:- Northern (where space heating is a dominant concern)- Central (where both heating and cooling are significant)- Southern (where space cooling is a dominant concern)

19. ENERGY STAR - CLIMATE MAP

20. ENERGY STAR - CRITERIA Northern - windows & doors: U-2.0 or less (no SHGC requirements)- skylights: U-2.5 or less (no SHGC requirements) Central - windows & doors: U-2.3 or less, SHGC of 0.55 or less- skylights: U-2.5 or less, SHGC of 0.55 or less Southern - windows & doors: U-4.3 or less, SHGC of 0.40 or less - skylights: U-4.3 or less, SHGC of 0.40 or less Website for further information- http://www.energystar.gov

21. CONCLUSIONS A consistent rating and certification system is essential to promote widespread use of energy efficient fenestration products The U.S. National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) has established a rating, certification, and labeling system - addresses the complexity of current fenestration products - provides a means to verify product performance U.S. national model codes based on NFRC fenestration ratings - 2000 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) - ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2001 Voluntary Energy Star requirements also use the NFRC program Result is greater market share of energy efficient fenestration