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Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny. Tyler Maine Texas Oregon Mexico California. How Tyler became President . William Henry Harrison To be controlled by Clay, Webster (Whigs) Spoils plans by dying of Pneumonia 4 weeks after inauguration New Pres: VP John Tyler VA, lone wolf

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Manifest Destiny

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  1. Manifest Destiny Tyler Maine Texas Oregon Mexico California

  2. How Tyler became President • William Henry Harrison • To be controlled by Clay, Webster (Whigs) • Spoils plans by dying of Pneumonia 4 weeks after inauguration • New Pres: VP John Tyler • VA, lone wolf • Anti bank, anti tariff, anti internal improvements • Agreed to sign law ending independent treasury • Refused to sign new US Bank bill • Cabinet resigned, except for Webster

  3. Land beyond MO & AR of little interest at first • Permanent gift to indians • Too dry to farm • 1840s new wave of W movement • 1820s-30s: fur trappers spread story of fertail valleys, paths through mnts • Growing desire for trade w/ Orient (On columbia River) • Best harbors: San Diego, San Francisco, Puget Sound • Fear of 4n intervention, esp by Brits in OR, TX, CA • Manifest destiny concept • Extends area of freedom • Racism: Anglo Saxon race should control region • Implied: political instability south of border due to racial explanation

  4. His Accidency • Tyler vetoed proposed tariff • Tariff reduced to 1832 level • Tyler reluctantly signed it

  5. Anti British feeling • 2 wars • British travelers in US critical of Americans • Magazines, books mutually insulting of each other • US a debtor nation (canals, RRs) • Brits a creditor nation • Panic 1837 British lost $$ & decry US borrowers

  6. Canada • 1837 small rebellion; supported by Americans • The Caroline (US steamer) attacked in NY, set afire by British • 1841 British in Bahamas give asylum to 130 slaves in revolt aboard The Creole

  7. Maine • Some border skirmishes over disputed land w/ English • Lord Ashburton negotiates w/ D Webster • Ashburton-Webster treaty gave British Halifax-Quebec route; US got ore land north of ME & readjusted border that also gave us Mesabi Range MN

  8. Lone Star of Texas • Texas built up reinforcements, alliances w/ France, Holland, Belgium in fear of MX • Annexation of TX avoided • Polk (expansionist) won 1844 on promise of TX and Oregon • TX annexed 1845

  9. Acquiring TX • MX indep. S. 1821 • Trouble controlling indians • Invites small # Amers • Stephen Austin: land grant for colony on Brazos River • Mostly Southern planters • By 1830s 20,000 Amers & 1000 slaves • Conflicts over MX laws: • Slavery banned • Catholicism required • MX controlled state of Coahuila • 1830 MX restricted immigration to TX • Stopped slave importation, taxed goods, sent troops to enforce

  10. TX continued • New pres: Santa Anna- won’t grant TX statehood • TXs want revolution, first under MX constitution • Mar 1836: claimed indep • Santa Anna  TX exterminates Alamo Mission • Battle of SanJacinto Apr, 36 • Sam Houston beat Santa Anna, took him prisoner • Forced to sign treaty of TX indep • MX denounced treaty • Repub of TX framed Constitution; voters ratify; ask for annexation • South & West favor; Whigs, abolitionists oppose

  11. TX cont. • Abolitionists say: slaveholder conspiracy to enlarge empire; open new slave market • Jackson favors but won’t annex • To help VB win in 36 • VB won’t recomment annexation • TX goes to Europe for recognition in 38 • Maybe expand to Pacific; rival US • Brits favor; want to curb US & get new market • Brit interest reopens annexation debate • Tyler sent treaty to Senate

  12. TX… • Calhoun sent Brits note advocating slavery as a positive good • Most senators won’t approve treaty; don’t want war w/ MX • TX= election issue 1844

  13. Oregon • Claimed by US & Britain • No of Columbia River, populated by Brits & Hudson Bay Co • US strong claims south of Columbia R • Oregon Trail= common route 2,000 mi. overland • Lewis & Clark 1804-6 • Astoria founded on Columbia River 1811 by Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Co • Brits claim Sir Francis Drake disc’d in 1579; Cpt James Cook, George Vancouver there in 18th C • Disputed land: 42-54th Parallel • Convention of 1818: left OR free, open for 10 yrs

  14. OR continued: • 1827 extended indefinitely, proviso: either cd terminate on 1 yrs notice • Up to 1840s: interest based on Fur trapping • Willamette Valley est’d & immigrants come • Presbyterian, Catholic, Methodist, Congregationalist missionaries sent to work w/ Indians • OR fever! • By 1845: 5,000 Amers there; provisional gov est. • Demand exclusive jurisdiction

  15. POLK on OR • Promised not to back down • Didn’t want war w/ Eng while on verge of war w/ MX • Notified Richard Packenham (Br minister, DC) • Willing to divide OR at 49th par. P. rejects • Polk w/d offer, launched cry of 54 40 or fight Dec 45 • Congress terminates joint occupation • Br 4n office decides diff between Columbia R & 49th par not worth a war • Most beaver gone anyway

  16. OR… the end • Sent Sec State Buchanan a draft proposal to divide OR at 49th par. • US to get harbor at Puget Sound • Polk sent to senate • Should they back down on demand for whole OR? • Most US happy… approved

  17. Election 1844 • Henry Clay (Whig) 3rd try • James K Polk (Dark horse Dem) • Speaker of House 4 yrs • Gov TN 2 terms • Young Hickory (sponsored by AJ) • Advocated Manifest Destiny: US should expand to Pacific O • Polk wins close race on platform of expansion

  18. Tyler’s last act • Proposed both houses approve TX annexation as joint resolution • To pass by simple majority not 2/3 in Senate • Tyler signs by Mar 1; 45 • Polk approves • Dec 45 TX admitted to statehood

  19. Polk’s acts • Lowered tariff • Restored independent treasury 46 • Wants to acquire CA & settle OR dispute • Election promise; Dems got TX, lost interest in OR • Brit proposed treaty: 49th parallel: Senate approved • Angry people: why all TX but NT all OR?

  20. Misunderstandings w/ MX • Polk wanted CA • MX recalled 4n minister; defaulted on payments of $3 mill to US • Claimed N. border: Rio Grande, not Nueces R • Us sent John Slidell to MX City to buy CA for $25 mill • MX govt refused to meet w/ him • Snubbed Slidell? • Polk ordered 4k men under Z Taylor to march from R.G. to Neueces R • Provoked MX troops- killed 16 N of RG

  21. War declaration • Opposed by group in DC led by ‘Spotty Lincoln’: • Show me the spot where Amer blood spilled!

  22. CA part I • Spain tried to control region w/ Cath missions on coast • Large scale farms w/ indian labor • MX gov w/d land grants from Indians; mission system crumbled • MX pop sparse: 7,000 in 1846 • Amer contact s. 1820s • Whalers resupply • Some sailors desert, settle in CA • Mountain men reach CA on trapping trips • 1830s, Amers go to CA to trade w/ Indians, MXs • OR trail travelers follow CA trail off Snake R to Sacramento Valley & Sutter’s fort • Helps immigrants get supplies, land grants • By 1845: 700 Amers

  23. California, pt II • Polk’s goal • Santa Anna told US if he cd return to MX, he’d end war, give us CA • lied. • Stephen W. Kearny led 1700 troops from Leavenworth to Santa Fe • John C. Freemont led Bear Flag Revolt in CA

  24. Bear Flag Revolt • John C Freemont, in charge of rebels • Navy docked at Monterey & raised Amer flag prematurely • Kearny arrives late in 46 to subdue pockets of resistance around Los Angeles • All over by Jan 47 • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo makes it official

  25. MX • MX unprepared: outdated weapons, short supplies • Poor resources, incompetent generals • US has reg army: 8,000  60,000 volunteers • Gifted commander: W. Scott • New equipment

  26. MX War: Campaign 1 • Z. Taylor (Old Rough & Ready) • Crossed Rio Grande, captured Matamoros • Pushed to Monterey • Pummels MX garrison • Lets it w/d not surrender.. Too cautious, too political • Hoping for nomination in 48 • Polk took half his army & sent it to Vera Cruz • Santa Anna moves to attack Taylor’s weakened forces • B of Buena Vista • Taylor wins; forces S.A. to w/d to MX city • End of war in North

  27. MX War, campaign II • Kearny moves into NM • Fremont takes CA • Before treaty signed w/ MX… ooops • Kearny sent part of troops to Taylor to assist, took rest to CA

  28. MX, campaign 3 • To get MX to accept the loss of territories • Gen Scott lands at Vera Cruz • 18 day siege • Surrender; drives toward MX city from Coast • Defeats Santa Anna at Cero Gordo, Apr 17-18 1847 • Sept, Scott invades MX city & MX surrendered

  29. Peace • Nicholas Trist sent to bribe Santa Anna w/ $10,000 & get armistice • Trist ordered home; ignored • Stayed till Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo set • Feb 2, 1848 • US got all MX territory from TX to CA, N. of Rio Grande for $15 mill • Whigs opposed war; some people wanted all MX • Polk asked senate to approve – willing to pay 25 mill for CA; got all plus Gadsden purchase: $18.25 mill

  30. Impact of MX war • US lost 13,000 lives • Good practice for Civil War • Rbt E Lee, US Grant: experience • Earned some international respect • Acquired more land the south expects to open to slavery • Wilmot Proviso (David Wilmot, PA) said slavery omitted in all territories taken from MX • Passed House 2x; failed in Senate • MX resentful… to them: Civil War= Santa Anna’s revenge

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