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The Big 4 Macromolecules: Key Vocabulary Terms

This article introduces the key vocabulary terms related to the four major macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) found in living things. Learn about the elements, monomers, polymers, and functions of each macromolecule.

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The Big 4 Macromolecules: Key Vocabulary Terms

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  1. "THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES Key vocabulary terms Macromolecule Polymer Monomer

  2. Identify the most common elements in living things CHNOPS: The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life

  3. Element & Compound • Element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom. Hydrogen Oxygen • Compound a substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements. H2O

  4. Hydrogen Bonding Are the bonds between base pairs (C-G, A-T)

  5. What do these words mean? Micro MACRO

  6. Polymer "Poly" Polygons Polyester Polygamy Means..Many

  7. What does “Mono” mean? 1

  8. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found on foods nutrition labels. All four are found in foods. FAT 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) Carbohydrates (13 grams in this product) Protein (9 grams in this product)

  9. What is the fourth type of biochemical macromolecule?

  10. The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids • DNA (DeoxyriboNucleicAcid) • RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

  11. CARBOHYDRATES Each carbohydrate is made up of the following elements… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

  12. CARBOHYDRATES

  13. CARBOHYDRATES

  14. CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP OF... Monomer of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide. Polymer of carbohydrate is a polysaccharide (starch) The most common monomer of carbohydrates is… GLUCOSE

  15. CARBOHYDRATES WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? • In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies) • --------------------------------------------------- • In animal products- in MILK

  16. CARBOHYDRATES WHAT DO THEY DO? • They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! • Used for quick energy. • They make up the cell wall in plants • This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

  17. LIPIDS Each Lipid is made up of the following elements… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

  18. LIPIDS

  19. LIPIDS MADE UP OF... Lipids are composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids which make a…. TRIGLYCERIDES

  20. LIPIDS WHAT DO THEY DO? • They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. • Make up the cell membrane • They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. • They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS • They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

  21. WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? LIPIDS • In plants- in the seeds • In animals- Adipose+ Connective tissue • Lipids make up the cell membrane MARGARINE OILS BUTTER

  22. LIPIDS…Some interesting info Steriods... There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are: SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS CHOLESTEROL They increase muscle Like testosterone and estrogen

  23. PROTEINS Each protein is made up of the following elements… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen THINK: “CHON”

  24. PROTEINS

  25. Amino acids… Proteins

  26. PROTEINS MADE UP OF... The polymer of proteins are polypeptide chain The monomer of proteins are amino acids (20 kinds of amino acids) Amino acids are attached together to from the polypeptide chain by peptide bonds

  27. Proteins

  28. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string

  29. PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO? • They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them • They make up antibodies in the immune system • They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions • They makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

  30. Hair, Skin, Nails, Muscles, Ligaments, Tendons, and Bones

  31. Nucleic Acids Each nucleic acid is made up of the following elements… Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen THINK: “CHONP”

  32. Nucleic Acids

  33. Nucleic Acids MADE UP OF... Polymer of nucleic acid is DNA and RNA The monomer of nucleic acid is a nucleotide (made up of sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base)

  34. Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO • DNA • Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA. • Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body. • RNA • Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

  35. The shape of a nucleic acid is: DNA is a double helix RNA is a single strand

  36. The Role of Enzymes Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.

  37. Characteristics of Chemical Reactions All chemical reactions involve reactants and Products. Reactants are the atoms, molecules or compounds that enter a into a chemical reaction. Products are the atoms, molecules or compounds that result from the reaction Photosynthesis Reactants Products (light energy) Carbon Dioxide + water Glucose + Oxygen CO2 H2O C6H12O6 6O2

  38. Activation Energy: the energy needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes lower the activation energy

  39. Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

  40. Enzymes • Protein that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction. 3-dimensional structure of a human pancreatic lipase

  41. Catalyst Material that speeds up a reaction without being used up.

  42. I Enzymes can form to the shape of its substrate. They fit together much like a lock and key. When the reaction finishes, the products are released. The enzyme, which is unchanged , can then repeat the process. It is not used up

  43. Substrate • Molecule on which an enzyme acts.

  44. Active Site • Pocket formed in the folds of an enzyme and to which a substrate binds:site of reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.

  45. ? ? ?

  46. Different enzymes operate under: • Certain temperature ranges • Certain pH ranges • Certain enzyme specificity ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT

  47. Denaturing • The changing in shape of the enzyme What are some things that can denature an enzyme? Temperature and pH

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