1990

1. Up-date on the GCOS activities13 January 2011, WMO, Geneva, SwitzerlandDr Carolin Richter, Director, Global Climate Observing System Secretariat

2. 1990 1991

3. Inaugural Meeting of the GCOS Scientific & Technical Steering CommitteeApril 13 – 15, 1992, at the World Meteorological Organization Back row: T. Maruyama (Japan), Worth Nowlin, Jr. (* USA), Yukio Haruyama (* Japan), Douglas Whelpdale (* Canada), Lennart Bengtsson (* Germany), DSG David Axford (WMO, sponsor), Phillip Goldsmith (* UK), Alex Alusa (UNEP, sponsor), Ichtaque Rasool (WCRP), Su Jilan (*, China), Francois Martin (GCOS, JPO), Jurgen Meincke (*, Germany) Shizuo Tsunogai (*, Japan) Middle row: Alexandre Vasiliev (* Russian Federation), Shelby Tilford (*, First Vice-chairman, USA), Claudio Caponi (*, Second Vice-chairman,Venezuela), Sir John Houghton (*, Chairman, UK), Thomas Spence (Director, Joint Planning Office for GCOS), Angus McEwan (* Australia), Albert Tolkachev (IOC, sponsor) 1992 Front Row: Arthur Dahl (UNEP, sponsor), Pierre Morel (ICSU, sponsor), Ekundayo Balogun (* Nigeria), Andre LeBeau (* France), S. Kalombratsos (GCOS Joint Planning Office), Fredric DelSol (WMO, AREP)

4. SPACE BASED In-Situ The Composition and Scope of the Main Global Observing Systems GEOSS WIGOS GTOS GOOS GCOS (GOS AND GAW)

6. Implementation Plan – up-date August 2010

7. Up-dated Implementation Plan:in brief: • new ECVs, now 50 (before 44 ) • reflection on ecosystems (biodiversity) • additional focus on reference and super site networks (measurements of several ECVs at one site for a more comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem) • cost estimation (additional costs and costs for existing systems)

8. GCOS Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) Global observations feasible (practical, cost-effective) High impact on needs of UNFCCC, climate research (WCRP), climate change assessments (IPCC) • Priority list of variables to be observed systematically • Initiated in 1995 in The GCOS Plan, then called «principal observations»  • Submitted first time 1998 in 1st Adequacy Report to the UNFCCC, Buenos Aires • Global observations feasible (practical, cost-effective) • High impact on needs of UNFCCC, climate change assessments (IPCC) • Term « ECV » promoted in 2003, 2nd Adequacy Report to the UNFCCC

9. GCOS Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) • Atmospheric • Surface – Air temperature, Precipitation, Pressure, Surface radiation budget, Wind speed and direction, Water vapour • Upper Air – Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance), Temperature, Wind speed and direction, Water vapour, Cloud properties • Composition –Carbon dioxide, Methane and other long-lived greenhouse gases (N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, SF6 and PFCs), Ozone and Aerosol, supported by their precursors (NO2, SO2, HCHO and CO). • Oceanic • Surface – Sea-surface temperature, Sea-surface salinity, Sea level, Sea state, Sea ice, Surface Current, Ocean colour, Carbon dioxide partial pressure, Ocean acidity, Phytoplankton. • Sub-surface:Temperature, Salinity, Current, Nutrients, Carbon dioxide partial pressure, Ocean acidity, Oxygen, Tracers. • Terrestrial • River discharge, Water use, Ground water, Lakes, Snow cover, Glaciers and ice caps, Ice sheets, Permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, Albedo, Land cover (including vegetation type), Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), Above ground biomass, Soil carbon, Fire disturbance, Soil moisture. Blue/bold = largely space-based

11. 2. Satellite Supplement – up-date in January 2011

12. 2. Satellite Supplement – up-date in January 2011 Update 2006 Satellite Supplement to the GCOS IP (GCOS-107) • Update detailed GCOS requirements for FCDRs and ECV products in terms of • accuracy, • stability, • temporal/spatial resolution, • calibration and validation needs and opportunities, • relevant international working groups. for Atmosphere, Ocean, Land and Cross-Cutting actions. • Expert Meeting, January 10 – 12, 2011, Geneva improvements on most of the ECVs, extra sections, e.g., GHGs, precursors, « pressure » emerges now also as space-based observed ECV. • Open for public review, March 2011 • Finalising draft, 2nd Qrt 2011.

13. 3. GCOS Progress Report 2004-2008

14. GCOS Progress Report 2004-2008 - Summary • Developed Countries: • improved climate observation capabilities, • limited progress in resolving financial issues related to long-term continuity • Developing Countries: • limited (in-situ) progress, with decline in some regions, • capacity building support remains small in relation to needs • Satellite agencies: • improved mission continuity and capability • increasingly meeting climate needs • Progress made, but: • Many gaps persist, • Continued engagement needed for coordinated implementation and long-term continuity Summary of progress on all 131 Actions in 2004 GCOS IP

15. Monitoring and Generating Climate Data GCOS Guideline for generation of ECV datasets and products, May 2010 (GCOS-143) • Responds to increasing demand by producers to ensure climate quality / meeting GCOS requirements; • Ensure transparency. GCOS ClimateMonitoringPrinciples (Annex II, GCOS-143) • Requirements for the operation of observing systems • Ensure continuity of missions; • Ensure stability of instruments and orbits; • Ensure traceability

16. 4. Continuous Improvement and Assessment Cycle GCOS – an all domain system

17. 5. System improvement through all domains (atmosphere, ocean and land) Systematic observation requirements for in-situ based products for climate Needed for validation and ground truth. • In-situ data supplement to the Implementation Plan needed.

18. GCOS as building block: Global Framework for Climate Service –GFCS as the major outcome of the WCC-3, 2009. Adaptation Mitigation Climate- sensitive Sectors UNFCCC Interface Prediction & Information IPCC World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)