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Motivation

Motivation. First hour – What is it that drives and directs behaviour?. The concept of “Motivation” Needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of Motivation. Motivation and cognition Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Acquired Motivation Homeostasis, Tolerance and Withdrawal. Primarily biological.

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Motivation

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  1. Motivation First hour – What is it that drives and directs behaviour? • The concept of “Motivation” • Needs • Maslow’s hierarchy of Motivation • Motivation and cognition • Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation • Acquired Motivation • Homeostasis, Tolerance and Withdrawal

  2. Primarily biological Primarily learned Primarily involving the individual Primarily social e.g., hunger, thirst (Ch. 3) e.g. desire to acquire possessions (Ch. 13, 15) e.g. need for prestige (Ch. 13, 15) e.g. sex (Ch. 3, 11)

  3. (See Gleitman pp. 628-629)

  4. Motivation and cognition • Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation -Deci and Ryan’s cognitive evaluation theory “…external rewards often undermine intrinsic motivation... Essentially, feeling bribed by, or pawn to external reward contingencies...can decrease the extent to which an originally interesting or enjoyable activity continues to be experienced as self-rewarding.”

  5. Variables that interact with intrinsic/extrinsic motivation: • Personality – High versus low achievers • Tauer and Harackiewicz (1999) • Measurement of performance • Time spent on task or the “Free-Time Paradigm” • versus performance on task. Weirsma (1992) • Type of task • Pleasurable tasks vs. functional tasks

  6. Richard Soloman • Opponent Process Model for Tolerance and • Withdrawal (1980) • “People experience one emotion by suppressing • the opposite emotion”

  7. 1 3 adaptation (First few occasions) (After many occasions) Underlying processes: Underlying processes: “A” state “A” state 0 0 “B” state “B” state 4 2 Actually experienced: Actually experienced: peak tolerance 0 0 withdrawal time  time 

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