Lesson 12.3 : Conflict Over State’s Rights

1. Lesson 12.3: Conflict Over State’s Rights Today we will list the issues that led to rising sectionalism in the 1820s and 1830s.

2. Vocabulary • list – to make a series of names or words • issue – an important topic of dispute or disagreement • sectionalism – placing the interests of one’s own region ahead of those of the whole nation • tariff – a tax on imported goods

3. Check for Understanding • What are we going to do today? • Why is dress code an issue for students and school officials? • Why doesn’t the U.S. government charge a tariff on wine grapes grown in Temecula?

4. What We Already Know By 1820, regional economic interests (i.e., industrialization in the North, subsistence farming in the West, and slavery-based agriculture in the South) were beginning to bring conflict to the three sections of the country.

5. What We Already Know Henry Clay’s American System called for the government to build internal improvements such as roads and canals to help unify the sections of the country.

6. What We Already Know Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan had called for a system of tariffs to protect American industries from foreign competition, but his plan was voted down in Congress because it would raise prices for most people.

7. When President Jackson took office in 1829, three economic issues were pulling the nation apart: • the sale of public lands • internal improvements • and tariffs

8. Check for Understanding AaskB: What three issues were pulling the nation apart along sectional lines in the late 1820s? The three issues that were pulling the nation apart along sectional lines in the late 1820s the sale of public lands, internal improvements, and tariffs. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

9. TheSale of Public Lands • Northeasterners did not want the lands in the West to be sold at low prices. • They were concerned that the cheap land would attract workers who were needed in the Northeastern factories.

10. Westerners wanted low prices for public land. • Cheap land would attract more settlers. • More people meant more political power for the West.

11. Southerners had no strong opinion about the issue. Because they owned slaves, Southerners did not need to fear the loss of their labor force to the West.

12. Check for Understanding BaskA: Which section wanted low prices on public land, and why? The West wanted low prices on public land to attract more settlers, which would mean more political power for the West. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

13. Check for Understanding AaskB : Why did the North oppose cheap land prices? The North opposed cheap land prices because the cheap land would attract workers who were needed in the factories. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

14. Internal Improvements • Internal improvements is a term that usually refers to roads, canals, bridges, and other structures that aid transportation. • The Northeast and West wanted the government to spend money on transportation to help move agricultural products and manufactured goods.

15. Southerners opposed internal improvements. • The new roads and canals would connect the West and the Northeast, and would not help the Southern economy at all. • Also, Southerners knew the money to pay for the improvements would come from tariffs, and Southerners did not want an increase in tariffs.

16. Check for Understanding BaskA: What are internal improvements? Internal improvements are roads, canals, bridges, and other structures that aid transportation. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

17. Check for Understanding AaskB: Which two sections wanted the government to spend more money on internal improvements? The Northeast and the West wanted the government to spend more money on internal improvements. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

18. Check for Understanding BaskA : Why did the Northeast and the West want the government to spend more money on internal improvements? The Northeast and West wanted the government to spend money on internal improvements to make it easier to move agricultural products and manufactured goods from one region to another. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

19. Check for Understanding AaskB : For what two reasons did the South oppose spending government money on internal improvements? The South opposed spending government money on internal improvements because the new roads and canals would not help the Southern economy at all, and would cause a rise in tariff rates. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

20. Northerners supported higher tariffs • Tariffs are taxes on imported goods. • The North supported tariffs because they protected U.S. manufacturers from foreign competition, and the revenue would pay for internal improvements.

21. Southerners opposed tariffs. • The Southopposed tariffsbecause it’seconomy was based on foreign trade, and higher tariffs made imported goods more expensive for Southerners. • The tariff revenue wouldn’t help the South, which needed no internal improvements.

22. The Westalso favored raising tariffs. • Westerners bought most of their manufactured goods from New England factories, so higher prices for manufactured goods didn’t affect them. • The tariff revenue would help the West because it would pay for the internal improvements the West needed for transporting factory products.

23. Check for Understanding BaskA: What is a tariff? A tariff is a tax on imported goods. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

24. Check for Understanding AaskB: Why did the Northeast and the West support raising tariff rates? The Northeast and the West supported raising tariff rates because the tariffs would raise revenue for internal improvements, and would protect American manufacturers from foreign competition. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

25. Check for Understanding BaskA: Why did the South oppose higher tariffs? The South opposed higher tariffs because its economy was based on foreign trade, and higher tariffs made imported goods more expensive for Southerners, who didn’t need internal improvements. Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

26. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

27. 8. How did the issue of tariffs lead to sectional differences? • The issue of tariffs caused hostility between the North and the South. • The issue of tariffs caused hostility between the North and the West. • The North believed tariffs would protect U.S. products from foreign competition and raise money for internal improvements. • The South opposed higher tariffs because they would make imported goods more expensive for Southerners. • The West opposed tariffs because they need no internal improvements. Choose all that are true!

31. Lesson 12.3: Conflict Over States’ Rights Today we will analyze the issues in the debate over states’ rights during the Nullification Crisis.

32. Vocabulary • analyze – understand by separating into smaller parts • issues – points being argued over • debate – formal argument • states’ rights – powers and privileges possessed by the states • nullification – cancelling out or making something powerless • crisis – turning point or dangerous situation

33. Check for Understanding • What are we going to do today? • What does it mean to analyze? • What are states’ rights? • What is a crisis that an 8th grader might face?

34. What We Already Know During the battle for ratification of the Constitution, Patrick Henry was one of many Americans who were concerned that too much power was being taken from the states and given to the federal government.

35. What We Already Know In the KentuckyandVirginiaResolutions, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison anonymously declared that states do not have to enforce laws that they believe are unconstitutional.

36. What We Already Know Southernersdislikedtariffs because they increased the cost of foreign manufactured goods that Southerners frequently imported.

38. The ‘Tariff of Abominations’ (1828) • In 1828, a new high tariff that angered Southerners was being debated in Congress. • Since the tariff hurt the South but helped the North, Southerners felt the government was being unfair. • Southerners hated the Tariff of 1828 so much they referred to it as the ‘Tariff of Abominations’. • Some Southerners began to say their states should leave the Union (i.e., secede).

39. Check for Understanding • Why did the tariff make Southerners feel the national government was being unfair? • What threat were some Southerners starting to make?

40. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

41. 9. Why did Southerners call the Tariff of 1828 the Tariff of Abominations? • It made European imports too expensive. • It lowered the prices they could charge for cotton. • It lowered the tariff to the levels they had been in 1800. • It reduced the amount of cotton foreign countries could purchase from Southerners.

42. John C. Calhoun wanted to keep South Carolina from seceding. • Calhoun had to calm Southerners’ fears about the tariff and their loss of influence in the government. • He also needed to find a way for the South to avoid collecting the Tariff of Abominations.

43. Calhoun developed the doctrine of nullification from different sources. • The first was the compact theory of government. • Constitution created a compact (or contract) between the states and the federal government. • If the federal government breaks that contract, the states have the right to ignore the government.

44. Calhoun developed the doctrine of nullification from different sources. • The second was Thomas Jefferson’s Kentucky Resolution. • The Kentucky Resolution said that states did not have to enforce a law that they felt was unconsti-tutional or outside the government’s expressed powers.

45. Check for Understanding • According to the compact theory, what was the relationship between the states and the federal government based on? • What did the Kentucky Resolution say states could do if Congress passed a law they didn’t agree with?

46. The Doctrine of Nullification • State legislatures have the authority to determine if a law is constitutional. • If the legislature declares a federal law unconstitutional, then that law is nullified (i.e., not legal) within that state’s borders • Calhoun published his doctrine anonymously in a document called “South Carolina Exposition and Protest.”

47. Threats of Secession Should the need arise, states have the right to secede from the Union and become independent.

48. Check for Understanding • According to the doctrine of nullification, who had the authority to determine if a law is constitutional? • What was the name of the document in which Calhoun published his doctrine of nullification?

49. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

50. 10. How would the doctrine of nullifi-cation provide a way for states to avoid paying the high tariff? • State legislatures could nullify their own tax obligations to federal government. • State legislatures could pay the tariffs in inflated state currency, which is called nullification. • State legislatures could change new federal tariff laws before they could go into effect. • State legislatures could nullify a tariff law, and not collect the tariff.