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15-2 Crops and Soil

15-2 Crops and Soil. Page 384. A. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth. 1. Soil must be fertile to produce healthy plants. A. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth. 2. Topsoil , the surface layer of soil, is where plant roots grow. A. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth.

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15-2 Crops and Soil

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  1. 15-2 Crops and Soil Page 384

  2. A. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth • 1. Soil must be fertile to produce healthy plants.

  3. A. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth • 2. Topsoil, the surface layer of soil, is where plant roots grow.

  4. A. Fertile Soil: The Living Earth • 3. Soil primarily comes from the weathering of rocks. • Mechanical • Chemical

  5. B. Soil Erosion: A Global Problem • 1. Erosion is the movement of rock, soil, and sand by wind and water.

  6. B. Soil Erosion: A Global Problem • 2. U.S. topsoil has been eroded by 50% in the last 200 years.

  7. B. Soil Erosion: A Global Problem • 3. Farming increases the rate of erosion.

  8. C. Land Degradation • 1. Occurs when human processes or natural activity damage the land to the extent that the ecosystem can not be supported.

  9. C. Land Degradation • 2. Leads to desertification, where land in arid (lacking moisture) areas becomes even more desert like.

  10. D. Soil Conservation • 1. To prevent down hill erosion: • Soil-retaining terraces • Contour plowing • No-till farming

  11. E. Enriching the Soil • 1. Through the use of manures and fertilizers.

  12. E. Enriching the Soil • 2. Compost uses partly decomposed organic material.

  13. F. Salinization • 1. accumulation of salts in the soil.

  14. G. Pest Control • 1. Pesticides are chemicals used to kill insects, weeds, and other crop pests.

  15. G. Pest Control • 2. A negative is that pests can develop resistance.

  16. G. Pest Control • 3. There are human health concerns such as cancer risks and nervous system disorders.

  17. G. Pest Control • 4. Persistent pesticides do not break down and accumulate in the soil and water.

  18. H. Biological Pest Control • 1. form of pest management that uses living organisms.

  19. H. Biological Pest Control • 2. Pathogens, such as bacteria, may be used to infect insect pests.

  20. H. Biological Pest Control • 3. Plant defenses are incorporated into plants, such as tomatoes, so that they are unaffected by certain fungi, worms, or viruses.

  21. H. Biological Pest Control • 4. Natural pesticides produced by plants that are biodegradable.

  22. H. Biological Pest Control • 5. Disrupting insect breeding by use of pheromones or chemicals that disrupt development. Ex: Fleas

  23. I. Integrated Pest Management • 1. uses a mixture of techniques to control pests and cause the least amount of economic damage.

  24. J. Engineering a Better Crop • 1. Genetic engineering is a technique in which genetic material in a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use.

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