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你聽到了嗎 ? 從生物物理學角度探討神奇的耳蝸

你聽到了嗎 ? 從生物物理學角度探討神奇的耳蝸. 清大電機系 劉 奕 汶助理教授 台南一中 September 21, 2012. 個人簡介. 建國中學［ 全國物理科展第三名，全國數學競試第二名 ］ 台大電機系 海軍技術學校教官 史丹福大學電機系碩博班 Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics 論文： Parametric Representations for Digital Audio Watermarking .

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你聽到了嗎 ? 從生物物理學角度探討神奇的耳蝸

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  1. 你聽到了嗎?從生物物理學角度探討神奇的耳蝸你聽到了嗎?從生物物理學角度探討神奇的耳蝸 清大電機系 劉奕汶助理教授 台南一中 September 21, 2012

  2. 個人簡介 • 建國中學［全國物理科展第三名，全國數學競試第二名］ • 台大電機系 • 海軍技術學校教官 • 史丹福大學電機系碩博班 • Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics • 論文：Parametric Representations for Digital Audio Watermarking. • 美國Boys Town National Research Hospital 博士後研究 • 中耳診斷 • 耳蝸動力學

  3. Stein and Stoodley, “Neuroscience: an Introduction” Wiley (2006) Auditory thresholds

  4. 人類聽覺真敏銳 • Sensitivity(敏度):2x10-5 Pa • 10-17 W • 相當於耳膜上10-10 m 平均振幅. • Selectivity(銳度): 鋼琴半音之 5-10%

  5. 如此的敏銳度… • 如何形成? • Human and other mammals (哺乳類) • 其他動物呢? • Vertebrates(脊椎動物)/ invertebrates(無脊椎動物)

  6. Today’s topics • Part I: 奇妙的聽覺－當物理遇見生理 • 耳蝸 • 毛細胞 • 細胞膜蛋白 • 離子通道 • 電腦建模 • 數值求解波動方程 • Part II: 聽覺心理學在 iPhone上之應用

  7. 耳蝸好比頻譜分析儀 http://www.vimm.it/cochlea/cochleapages/theory/

  8. 槌骨 鉆骨 蹬骨 鼓膜 ~100 um

  9. +80 mV Organ of Corti科提氏器 毛欉 蓋膜 外毛細胞 內毛細胞 傳入神經 基底膜 傳出神經 -70 mV -45 mV

  10. Courtesy of House Ear Institute. 15 um Lenoir (1999).http://www.iurc.montp.inserm.fr/cric51/audition/english/corti/hcells/vue_sfce/v_sfce.htm Dallos et al. (eds., 1996)

  11. Hudspeth & Gillespie (1994) adapted by Tinevez et al. (2008) 肌凝蛋白 肌動蛋白 50 nm Kachar et al. (2000) Hackney et al. (2010) J Physiol588(Pt5): 765–772

  12. Sotomayor et al. (2010) Neuron

  13. Ricci et al. (2005) Fast Adaptation in mechano-electrical transduction of OHC Assume

  14. 細胞膜上的prestin快速蛋白能與陰離子結合 r z  Cl- outside inside Cl- Dallos (2008), adapted Rajagopalan et al. (2006)

  15. 影片欣賞: 會跳舞的外毛細胞 • Courtesy of Dr. David Zhizhou He 何志洲博士.

  16. 傳統生物學的限度 • 生物學首重觀察 • Genetic approaches (基因學方法) • Physiological measurements (生理學量測) • Evolutional perspectives(演化論的角度) • 傳統生物學較少做系統性的預測 • Biology often can’t predicthow function emerges from components

  17. 逆向工程: 研究生物學的新方法！The reverse engineering approach • 結構力學，流體力學: • 柯提氏器, 基底膜 • 電機電子工程: • Electromotility of OHC 外毛細胞之電動性 • Mechanoelectrical transduction 力電換能 • 動態系統 • Feedback 反饋 • Amplification 放大 • Nonlinear phenomena 非線性現象 • Neural Networks 神經網路

  18. 科提氏器的結構力學與流體力學 Courtesy of J. Baumgartet al. (2008) Mechanics of Hearing Workshop, Keel University, UK

  19. 流體力學模擬 Courtesy of J. Baumgartet al. (2008)

  20. 較大尺度系統整合 MET: The only siteof nonlinearity Reticular lamina Piezoelectric membrane: Provides a feedback force Eardrum Oval window Reticular lamina . . . Basilar membrane Round window

  21. Liu-Neely 外毛細胞模型(2010) 力電換能 F(I): receptor current I:hair-bundlemotion 以壓電效應描述 外毛細胞的電動性

  22. 機電整合模擬:計算外毛細胞供給的正向回饋 • Integrate OHC with surrounding structuresZ = Zr Zb/ (Zr+Zb). • Relatereceptor currenttoRL motion OHC contractionvelocity Receptor current

  23. ED bones OW 模擬表面波的傳遞:解偏微分方程! . . . RL BM y: transversal x: longitudinal

  24. 模擬成果: 脈衝聲在貓耳蝸內傳遞

  25. (1/mm) 耳蝸=雷射? Shera (2007) Liu & Neely (2009)

  26. Spontaneous emissionof sounds from the cochlea emission Reflection atmiddle-ear Coherent reflection at peak of waves Shera (2007). “Laser amplification with a twist” JASA.

  27. 聽覺科學運用於反詐騙? “Latest biometric listens to the noise from your ear” (April 2009) http://www.geek.com/articles/news/latest-biometric-test-listens-for-noise-from-your-ear-20090416/

  28. An ongoing research topic: interaction with the central nervous system

  29. 清大電機: 聲學與聽覺實驗室(Acoustics and Hearing Lab)耳內聲學、生理、與神經信號模擬 Cooper & Guinan (2006) OHCs: outer hair cells (外毛細胞) IHC: inner hair cell (內毛細胞) BM: basilar membrane (基底膜) AN: auditory nerve (聽覺神經) CN: cochlear nucleus(耳蝸核)MOC: medial olivocochlearneurons(橄欖體－耳蝸神經元)OAE: otoacoustic emission(耳聲傳射)

  30. 非我族類的聽覺hearing in non-mammals • 脊椎動物門 • Fish: bone conduction from swimming bladder (鰾)to inner ears • Frogs:three cochlea-like end organs • sacculus, amphibian papilla, basilar papilla • Lizards: active hair bundles • Birds: hair-cell regeneration (毛細胞再生)

  31. 例:兩棲類內耳結構Anatomy of an amphibian ear(Smotherman & Narins, 2000)

  32. 昆蟲也有『特異放大功能』selectivity and sensitivity are enhanced in mosquito antennae 0.2 mm df/dp : particle-to-flagellum gain Red: in vivo Green: post mortem Göpfert & Robert (2000): “Active auditory mechanics in Mosquitoes”

  33. 觸角的自發性振動(autonomous vibration) Göpfert & Robert (2000) Sound-induced AV Drug-induced AV

  34. Summary:電機工程在聽覺生理學領域中,隨處可以觸類旁通Summary:電機工程在聽覺生理學領域中,隨處可以觸類旁通 • Cell membrane ≈PN junction • Striavascularis≈ Vdd • OHC electromotility ≈ Transistor • Ca2+-mediatedfast adaptation ≈ pre-emphasizer • Dead cochlea ≈ Passive transmission line • Live cochlea ≈ Gain medium • Spontaneous emission≈Gain medium + Bragg diffraction!

  35. 期勉各位… • 鼓勵對數理有偏好的同學持續追尋你的夢想 • 清大電機系是您頂尖的選擇 • 優良學術傳統 • 堅強師資陣容 • 跨領域多元學習 • 全國唯二電機不分系 • 培養知識、創意與實務兼具人才

  36. 銘謝 Dr. Stephen Neely (Boys Town National Research Hospital,US) Dr. 何志洲 (Creighton University,US) Dr. J. Baumgart (Technical University of Dresden, Germany) 清華大學 台南一中

  37. Part I: 奇妙的聽覺－當物理遇見生理 • 耳蝸 • 毛細胞 • 細胞膜蛋白 • 離子通道 • 電腦建模 • 數值求解波動方程 • Part II: 聽覺心理學在 iPhone之應用 • 音樂編碼 (audio coding) • 語音編碼 (speech coding)

  38. 1980 更清晰, 更耐久 1995 2010 體積縮小容量變大 十倍以上資料量壓縮

  39. 聲音品質主觀評估Sound quality evaluation *壓縮前後音質比較:random double-blinded 測試法

  40. 耳蝸好比頻譜分析儀 http://www.vimm.it/cochlea/cochleapages/theory/

  41. 純粹弦波在基底膜之觸發樣型 (excitation pattern) 大致上是依其頻率而位移 von Békésy (1943)

  42. MP3 去除聽不到的微弱聲音 3 5 2 Sound Pressure Level 4 6 7 1 frequency

  43. 心理聲學屏蔽效應 (psychoacoustic masking) 3 5 2 Sound Pressure Level 4 6 7 1 frequency

  44. 4 bits 4 bits 3 bits 2 bits 雜訊比= 6 dB/bit 96 dB/ 16 bits. Sound Pressure Level frequency

  45. 雜訊塑型原則(noise shapingprinciple): 量化誤差X(q)[k]– X[k] 必須被遮蔽 Window 霍夫曼編碼 (大四, 研一) X(q)[k] X[k] Time-FrequencyTransform Huffman coding Bit packing  Quantization 01001011… Signal x[n] Parameters 傅立葉轉換 (大二, 大三) Bit allocation 位元配置(碩士論文) Psycho-acoustics 心理聲學 (博士班, 出國留學)

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