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Russia

Russia. Chapter 8. A Vast Land: Climate & Geography of Russia. Chapter 8 Section 1. I. A Vast Expanse. World’s largest country Almost twice size of U.S. “Eurasian” country: Russia lies on both Europe & Asia Borders 14 countries 11 time zones. II. Bodies of Water. North: Arctic Ocean

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Russia

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  1. Russia Chapter 8

  2. A Vast Land: Climate & Geography of Russia Chapter 8 Section 1

  3. I. A Vast Expanse • World’s largest country • Almost twice size of U.S. • “Eurasian” country: Russia lies on both Europe & Asia • Borders 14 countries • 11 time zones

  4. II. Bodies of Water • North: Arctic Ocean • East: Pacific Ocean • Caspian Sea & Black Sea form natural borders between southwestern Russia & Western Europe • Caspian Sea: size of CA/largest inland saltwater body in the world

  5. Russia Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Iran

  6. Lake Baikal in Siberia is world’s largest freshwater lake holding 20% of world’s unfrozen freshwater. (oldest lake in the world)

  7. The Volga River is the longest river in Europe & a vital transportation route.

  8. III. Climate • Four climate zones: steppe, humid continental, sub arctic & tundra • Western Russia: summers are warm/rainy; winters are cold/snowy • Eastern Russia: summers are short/cool; winters are long/snowy • Most ports are closed parts of the year due to ice

  9. Climate map

  10. Europe or Asia? Ural Mountains Siberia North European Plain

  11. IV. One country, Two continents • Russia lies on two continents • Ural Mountains act as a separation between two continents: • Europe • Asia

  12. Europe Asia Ural Mountains

  13. Ural Mountains North European Plain

  14. V. North European Plain:European Russia • 75% of Russia’s population lives here • Mild climate • Majority of Russia’s industry & agriculture • Good farmland (the steppe) • Caucasus Mountains form southern border with Georgia & Azerbaijan

  15. Caucasus Mountains

  16. Russia Kazakhstan Caucasus Mountains Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Iran

  17. Caucasus Mountains

  18. Siberia Ural Mountains Siberia North European Plain

  19. VI. Siberia: Asian Russia • Located east of Ural Mountains • One of world’s coldest climate Northern Siberia: Tundra & permafrost cover 40% of Russia; taiga in the south • Fishing, hunting seals & walruses, herding reindeer • Few people Southern Siberia: Plains, plateaus & mountains • Home to Siberian Tiger (endangered), bear, reindeer, lynx, wolf, elk, etc.

  20. Endangered Siberian Tiger

  21. Kamchatka Peninsula

  22. VII. Kamchatka Peninsula • Mountainous • Over 120 volcanoes (20 active) • Part of “Ring of Fire” (zone of active volcanoes that forms the western, northern, and eastern edges of Pacific)

  23. Kronotsky volcano, an 11,975-foot volcanic peak.

  24. A Troubled History Chapter 8 Section 2

  25. I. What is a “Czar”? • Czar comes from “Caesar” meaning “king or emperor” • Caesar was the Latin term that Roman emperors used, ex. Caesar Augustus • German king known as “Kaiser” comes from same word • Sometimes written as “Tsar” • Wife of Tsar: Tsarina or Tsarista; Son: Tsaravitch; Daughter: Tsarevna

  26. II. Rule of the Czars • Czars ruled Russia from 1500s-1917 • Expanded Russia’s borders (page 246) • Westernized and modernized Russia • Built cities like St. Petersburg (named after Peter the Great) Peter the Great (1672-1725)

  27. St. Petersburg: • “Venice of the North” • Served as capital of Russia until 1917

  28. III. The Soviet Era • 1914 WWI affects all of Europe • Food shortages blamed on Czar • Led to Russian Revolution in 1917

  29. The 300-year-old Romanov dynasty ended on June 17, 1918 when the entire royal family was murdered. Nicholas II was the last czar of Russia.

  30. Chapter 8, Section 2 Day Two

  31. IV. Communism • Vladimir Lenin, a leader of the Russian Revolution, set up a Communist state • Communist state: strong government control of economy & society. • Capital moved to Moscow (fear of invasion)

  32. V. Formation of the Soviet Union • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, called USSR • Formed in 1922 • 15 republics (including Russia)

  33. Yellow area: Russia/Green areas: former Soviet Union

  34. VI. USSR under Stalin: • Joseph Stalin became leader after Lenin died in 1924 • Ended private business ownership • Collectivization: farms combined into larger farm owned by government • Command Economy: factory managers told what to make and how to make it • Those who opposed/disagreed with Stalin sent to prison camps in Siberia

  35. VII. Cold War • 1940- late 1980s • After WWII, Stalin set up Communist government in neighboring Eastern European countries: Poland, Eastern Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania & Bulgaria • These became satellite nations controlled by USSR-said to be behind an “iron curtain.” • US & USSR engage in competition for world influence without any actual fighting (ex. Space Race)

  36. VIII. Collapse of Soviet Union • Lack of competition in economy caused government-owned factories to be inefficient & produce poor-quality goods • Government spent too much money on military causing scarcity (not enough) of food • Many different ethnic groups resent/dislike Russian control of government

  37. IX. Last Chance for Communism: Gorbachev’s Reforms • Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader in 1985 • Introduces changes such as perestroika & glasnost • Perestroika: “restructuring”; loosened government control of economy • Glasnost: “openness”; people allowed to speak freely

  38. X. End to Communism • Gorbachev’s reforms only cause more distrust of communist government • Late 1980s: protests erupt in satellite nations • By 1991 USSR collapses & all 15 republics declare independence from Soviet Union • Russia emerges as largest & most powerful of all republics

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