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Bell Work

Bell Work. Read A Day in the Life Answer these questions for Task #2 What is the sum of 363 and 499 You found Brand A soup in aisle 10, how will you find Brand B? College X and college Y both offer you a scholarship, how will you choose each one?. Chapter 8 THINKING AND LANGUAGE.

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Bell Work

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  1. Bell Work Read A Day in the Life Answer these questions for Task #2 What is the sum of 363 and 499 You found Brand A soup in aisle 10, how will you find Brand B? College X and college Y both offer you a scholarship, how will you choose each one?

  2. Chapter 8THINKING AND LANGUAGE Section 1:What Is Thinking? Section 2:Problem Solving Section 3:Reasoning Section 4:Decision Making and Judgment Section 5:Language

  3. Chapter 8 Motivator • “Dog” • Form a mental picture of this word • What did you come up with? • You just illustrated the 3 units of thought • Symbols, concepts, prototypes

  4. Chapter 8 Task #2 and 3 • #3: Write down the T/F from pg. 178 • #4: PQ4R Section 1: Based on the its initial Title…..hint……… should be 4 ?’s • You should be able to answer these questions later

  5. Chapter 8 Thinking is…… • 1. thinking is the mental activity that is involved in the understanding, processing, and communicating of information. Made possible through the use of symbols, concepts, and prototypes.

  6. Chapter 8 Section 1: What Is Thinking? Question: What are the three units of thinking? THREE UNITS OF THOUGHT • SYMBOLS – objects or acts that stand for something else • CONCEPTS – mentally grouping together objects, events, or ideas that have similar characteristics such as dogs, horses, etc. • PROTOTYPES – examples of concepts that best exemplify that concept Example Example Example

  7. Chapter 8 Thinking Symbols Prototypes Concepts Question: What are the three units of thought?

  8. Chapter 8 Lesson Closing • Go over Thinking about Psychology Answers • Task #5: Read/Respond to Case Study Reading in back of room • Keep this packet in your folder

  9. Chapter 8 Home US Flag: What do the stars and stripes mean?

  10. Chapter 8 Home What are all of these?

  11. Chapter 8 Home When you hear the word “Paper” what do you think of?

  12. Chapter 8 Bell Work • Get books/folders • Task #6 Solve problems A-E of Figure 8.1 on pg. 180 • Go over answer to A

  13. Chapter 8 Task #7: PQ4R Section 2 • What is problem solving? • What are Algorithms and Heuristics? • What are some Problem solving methods? • 4 More Questions

  14. Chapter 8 What are Algorithms and Heuristics • Algorithms: a specific procedure that, when used properly and in the right circumstances, will always lead to the solution of a problem. Ex: formulas. • Heuristics: rules of thumb that often, but not always, help us find the solution to a problem. They are shortcuts. Ex: C_ _ FF (cliff)

  15. Chapter 8 Problem Solving Methods: 9’oclock partners • Trial/Error • Difference Reduction • Means-End Analysis • Working Backward • Analogies

  16. Chapter 8 What is Insight/Incubation? • Insight: coming to understanding suddenly • incubation effect: When we arrive at the solution to a problem when we have not been consciously working on the problem. Ex: taking a break from math problem then suddenly coming up with the solution.

  17. Chapter 8 What are some obstacles to solving Problems • mental set: the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems. Can sometimes solve a problem, can sometimes cause a problem • functional fixedness: is the tendency tothink of an object as being useful only for the function that the object is usually used for.

  18. Chapter 8 What is meant by creativity and problem solving? (popcorn) • convergent thinking: though is limited to available facts, one tries to narrow thinking to find the single best solution. • divergent thinking: one associates more freely to the various elements of a problem. One follows leads that run in various directions; perhaps one that will lead to the solution unexpectedly.

  19. Chapter 8 Section 2: Problem Solving Question: What steps can be used to solve problems? THE ABCDEs OF PROBLEM SOLVING • Assess the problem • Brainstorm approaches to the problem • Choose the approach that seems most likely to work • Do it – try the most likely approach • Evaluate the results

  20. Chapter 8 Lesson Closing • Look @ figure 8.6 to solution C-E

  21. Chapter 8 Bell Work • Task #8: Attempt to problem solve Figure 8.3 on pg. 186 • Will Draw example of answer on board • Task #9 • Complete thinking about psychology pg. 188

  22. Chapter 8 Task #10: PQ4R Section 3 • What is reasoning? • 2 more ?s • Read entire section

  23. Chapter 8 Key Vocabulary • Reasoning • Use of information to reach conclusions • Premise • An idea or statement that provides the basic information that allows us to draw conclusions

  24. Chapter 8 Section 3: Reasoning Question: How do deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning differ? DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING DIFFER • 9. Deductive Reasoning – a conclusion is arrived at by reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion • 10. Inductive Reasoning – a conclusion is arrived at by reasoning from many specific observations to a general principle • 11.confirmation bias: tendency to prove, or confirm, one’s hypothesis rather than disprove it.

  25. Chapter 8 Examples Deductive • All Men are Mortal • Spiderman is a man • Therefore Spiderman is Mortal • All apples are a fruit • Fruit grow on trees • So, all apples grow on trees

  26. Chapter 8 Lesson Closing • Task #11: Complete Thinking about Psychology on Pg. 191 • Answer Task #9 as class • Work on Projects

  27. Chapter 8 Bell work • Task #12: PQ4R Section 4 • What strategies can be used in Decision making? • 4 more ?s • Go over Answers to Task #11

  28. Chapter 8 Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment Question: What strategies can be made in decision making? STRATEGIES IN DECISION MAKING • Weighing the Pluses and Minuses – choosing among goals or courses of action to reach goals by using a balance sheet • Shortcuts in Decision Making and Judgment – use heuristics or shortcuts • The Framing Effect (read)– refers to a way in which wording affects decision making

  29. Chapter 8 Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment Question: What strategies can be made in decision making? HEURISTICS OR SHORTCUTS • Representativeness Heuristic – making decisions about a sample according to the population that the sample appears to represent • Availability Heuristic – making a decision on the basis of information that is available in the immediate consciousness • Anchoring Heuristic – making a decision based on certain ideas or standards that a person holds and which hold an anchor for the person

  30. Chapter 8 Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment What is Over-Confidence? • People tend to have too much confidence in their decisions, right or wrong • Reasons • Unaware of how flimsy evidence is • Pay attention to ex.’s that confirm, ignore those that do not • Tend to bring about things they believe in • Studying for a test when you think you are capable of an A if you do

  31. Chapter 8 Lesson Closing • Watch part of video: Thinking and Language • Finish it tomorrow • Test Monday

  32. Chapter 8 Bell Work • Task #13: Thinking bout Psych. Pg.194 • Finish Video • Test Monday

  33. Chapter 8 Task #14 • PQ4R • Section 5 • 5 ?s

  34. Chapter 8 What is Language and its components? • The communication of ideas through symbols that are arranged according to rules of grammar

  35. Chapter 8 Section 5: Language Question: What are the basic elements of language? BASIC ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE • Phonemes – basic sounds of a language • Morphemes – units of meaning in language • Syntax – way in which words are arranged to make phrases and sentences

  36. Chapter 8 What are Semantics • Semantics (Read aloud) • Study of word meaning • Involves the relationship b.t. languages and the things depicted in language

  37. Chapter 8 What are the Stages of Language Dev.? • Crying, cooing, and Babbling • Most effective form of expression for newborns • Similar World wide up to 9-10 months • Words, Words, Words • Beginning of word formation and TRUE language • 18 months = 24 words • Overextension: Extending meanings to refer to things they don’t yet have words for • Dev. Of Grammar (Read aloud) • Age development gradually leads to the increase of words in a sentences to convey their meaning • Over-regularization: applying normal rules to all words

  38. Chapter 8 How do we learn language? • Hereditary Influences • (LAD) Language acquisition device which people believe we have the natural tendency to acquire language • Environmental Influences • Children learn language in part, by observing and imitating other people

  39. Chapter 8 What is Bilingualism? • Bilingualism • Ability to speak more than one language • The earlier a child starts on another language the better as research supports

  40. Chapter 8 Lesson Closing • Task #14 • Exploring Diversity Answer: pg. 197 • Task #15: Case Study: Answer pg. 200 • Task #16: Time to work on Monday • Thinking bout Psych: pg. 201

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