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Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid

Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid. Kate Rogers Power Affiliates Meeting May 14, 2010. Acknowledgements. Other Contributors Ray Klump Himanshu Khurana Angel Aquino Thomas J. Overbye U.S. Congressman Bill Foster

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Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid

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  1. Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid Kate Rogers Power Affiliates Meeting May 14, 2010

  2. Acknowledgements • Other Contributors • Ray Klump • HimanshuKhurana • Angel Aquino • Thomas J. Overbye • U.S. Congressman Bill Foster • K. M. Rogers, R. Klump, H. Khurana, T.J. Overbye, “Smart-Grid –Enabled Load and Distributed Generation as a Reactive Resource,” Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Jan. 2010. • K. M. Rogers, R. Klump, H. Khurana, A. Aquino-Lugo, T.J. Overbye, “An Authenticated Control Framework for Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid,” accepted for publication, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

  3. Motivation • Increased PMU deployment will improve monitoring capabilities • Improved monitoring motivates improved control of resources • Inadequate reactive power supply was a factor in most previous major North American blackouts

  4. Goal of this work • Improve control of resources using … • A distributed reactive power support system • A comprehensive form of control • Near real-time reactive control at residential level • Coordinating communications must be secure

  5. Definitions • Q-C Buses • transmission system level buses controlled to provide an amount of aggregated reactive power support • Load Categories • Loads classified according to ability to provide support • CAT1 (most controllable) through CATN (least controllable) • Categories are not fixed

  6. Definitions • Reactive Support Regions • Buses chosen a priori to help each other • One main controller in each region can be responsible for obtaining the necessary reactive support for all devices in its region • Division allows focus on a subset of the controllers • Can also help make the framework extensible to decentralized control algorithms

  7. Intelligent Control Framework • The Incident Command System (ICS) helps coordinate emergency response • Can leverage other domains’ experience with this model • Members follow a chain of authority and command Central EMS Feeder Relay Feeder Relay Relay A Relay B Relay C Relay D loads

  8. Overview of Proposed Framework • Centralized control – detects voltage problems • Centralized control – computes required aggregate reactive power responses • Regional controllers – receive requests for support directed to constituent Q-C Buses • Q-C Buses – receive requests for an aggregate amount of support which they must obtain from devices in the distribution system • Each party confirms its participation

  9. Vision of the Proposed Framework Central Control A priori analysis Wait and detect changes Reactive Support Regions Q-C Buses Distribution System Loads Event Detected Q-C Buses communicate with the distribution system to provide the requested output Choose Q-C buses Regional controllers send messages to Q-C Buses Determine outputs to restore voltages, send messages to appropriate regions. Choose more Q-C Buses in region Support remaining in the same region? Update reserves info., a new solution is needed Q-C Buses tell regional controller amount of committed support N Y Regional controller decides -is amount sufficient ? N Y Tell Q-C Buses to execute the action Confirmation (all parties)

  10. Example - Constituents of a Reactive Support Group Transmission System Distribution System Reactive-Power-Capable Devices at the Residential Level Home Monitoring and Control System PMU PHEV Smart meter * * M1 M2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) PMU Manager of Devices ( )in Reactive Support Group Mi = Message to provide reactive power amount Qi at Q-C buses i *

  11. Communications Convenient way to segregate and secure communications top layer A Realm 1 bottom layer B Realm 2 C loads

  12. Communications • Digital signatures- one option • Secure communication framework to control reactive-power-capable devices at the end-user • Provides integrity, authentication, and protection against replay Mcomm| T | Sign(H(Mcomm|T)PRA B A Mresp| T | Sign(H(Mresp|T)PRB

  13. Communications • HMAC - another option • No encryption step - less computational expense • Good if confidentiality is not a concern M| T |HMAC(M|T,KAB) B A

  14. IEEE 24-Bus RTS Example and 5 Chosen Supporter Buses for Each Group Possible Reactive Support Groups

  15. IEEE 24-Bus RTS Example Results

  16. 2003 Blackout Example Power factor correction at just 5 buses results in appreciable voltage improvement Voltage (per unit) 1.02 Reconstructed pre-blackout state with low voltages 0.95 0.88 After power factor correction of 5 buses

  17. . Control with Intelligent Agents (Angel Aquino) • Agent Scheme follows the ICS response structure • Central EMS Agents responsible for Feeder Relays Agents • Feeder Relay Agents responsible for Downstream Control Relays Central EMS Feeder Relay Feeder Relay Feeder Relay Feeder Relay Feeder Relay Transmission Network Central EMS (B_A) Feeder Relay SS 1 Control Relay A 2 Distribution Network 3 5 Control Relay B 6 Control Relay 7 4 10 13 8 9 12 11

  18. Voltage Control by Thermal Loads(KomalShetye) • Problem: Dynamic behavior of certain loads like induction motors during faults may cause voltage stability issues on the distribution network • Possible solution: Residential thermal loads for such ‘short-term’ voltage control • Disconnection may aid voltage recovery during faults • Requires high-speed and secure communications at the distribution level

  19. Thank You Kate Rogers- krogers6@illinois.edu

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